Chronology of Events: October 1993 - February 1995

 

MAP

See original

Source : Facts on File. 1993. C.I.S. and Eastern Europe on File. New York : Facts on File.

GLOSSARY

APADOR-CH       Romanian Helsinki Committee

DAP       Democratic Agrarian Party

DC          Democratic Convention. Variant: CDR. President: Emil Constantinescu. The DC is the largest opposition alliance in parliament.

FSDN     Democratic National Salvation Front. The FSDN changed its name to the Party of Social Democracy in July 1993 (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 11).

FSN        National Salvation Front

LP-93      Liberal Party-93

PD-FSN  The National Salvation Front (FSN), led by Petre Roman, the former Prime Minister, joined with the Democratic Party (PD) in May 1993 to become the PD-FSN.

PRM       Greater Romania Party. The PRM is a nationalist party led by Chairman Corneliu Vadim Tudor.

PSM       Socialist Labour Party. The PSM is the "reborn Communist Party" (LCHR July 1994, 287).

PUNR     Party of Romanian National Unity. Variant: RNUP. The PUNR is a nationalist party, led by Cluj mayor Gheorghe Funar and an ally of the SDPR.

SDPR      Party of Social Democracy. Variant: PDSR. Formerly the FSDN. The SDPR is the governing party, led by Ion Iliescu. It unofficially depended on the DAP, PSM, PRM and PRNU to remain in power (LCHR July 1994, 287) until a more formal arrangement was made in early 1995 (see 20 January 1995).

SRI          Romanian Intelligence Service. Variant: RIS. The SRI is the successor to the Communist-era Securitate.

UDMR   Hungarian Democratic Alliance of Romania. Variants: HDUR, HDFR; RMDSZ in Hungarian. Chairperson: Marko Bela. Honourary Chairperson: Reformed Church Bishop Laszlo Tokes.

1992 ELECTION RESULTS (RFE/RL 30 Oct. 1992, 2-3)

Parliamentary elections:

Party       Seats in  Seats in
                Chamber of Deputies           Senate

FSDN     117          49
DC          82            34
FSN        43            18
PUNR     30            14
UDMR   27            12
PRM       16            6
PSM       13            5
DAP       0[1]*          5
national
minorities               13            -

The next Parliamentary elections are to be held in 1996 (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 12).

INTRODUCTION

In the fall of 1993, Romania was invited to join the Council of Europe, whose principles are "parliamentary democracy, the respect for fundamental rights and freedoms, the respect of the rights of minorities and the rule of law" (Council of Europe 20 Sept. 1993, 1). As such, this chronology begins on 7 October 1993, when Romania became the thirty-second member of the Council.

The Council's invitation to Romania was extended with the following series of recommendations: that Romania continue its efforts to "implement principles of the rule of law, the respect for minorities, the independence of the judiciary"; that Romania's commitments be monitored; that parliament adopt and implement laws on national minorities and on education; that Romania sign the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the European Charter on Local Government; that "the consistent division of power", "the real independence of the media", and "conditions for the free functioning of local administrative bodies" be ensured; that Romania work to "combat racism, anti-Semitism, as well as all instances of nationalist and religious discrimination and incitement thereto"; that the conditions of detention be improved; that "those imprisoned on political or ethnic grounds" be released; that it be made legally impossible "for a minister to give instructions to a judge" and that private consensual homosexual acts be decriminalized (Council of Europe September 1993). According to one report, it would be very difficult, barring "major upheaval or abuses" to suspend Romania from the Council should the country not meet these conditions, particularly as the failure of Slovakia to meet similar conditions had met with no repercussions (EIU 1993, 15). Romania's response to these recommendations are a continuous theme throughout this chronology.

A number of political issues also appear repeatedly throughout this paper. First, the Romanian government is attempting to manage the personnel and structures of its Communist past, particulary that era's secret service organization, the Securitate, as well as its successor, the Romanian Intelligence Service (SRI). Second, the Party of Romanian National Unity (PUNR), one of the country's nationalist far-right parties, grew closer to the ruling Party of Social Democracy (SDPR) throughout 1994. Third, the government faces increasing calls for ethnic autonomy from the Hungarian Democratic Alliance of Romania (UDMR), the political representation of the country's Hungarian minority.

Ethnic tensions have also manifested themselves at the grassroots level, and a number of clashes are recounted in this chronology. Poor economic conditions have led to a number of strikes and demonstrations by workers and students.

Some ongoing issues are not dealt with in this chronology. For example, throughout the period covered in this paper, Romania was involved in bilateral treaty negotiations with, among others, its neighbour Hungary. As of February 1995, negotiations were ongoing, despite the cooling of relations between Romania's governing parties and that country's Hungarian minority (OMRI 8 Feb. 1995b). As well, the large Cluj-based Caritas pyramid scheme, supported by PUNR leader and Cluj mayor Gheorghe Funar, collapsed in late 1993, bankrupting numerous Romanians, including many Roma (Le Devoir 17 Feb. 1994); repercussions of the collapse continued to be felt throughout 1994 (EIU 1993, 12-13; Reuters 25 Aug. 1994).

As information on events of specific relevance to women was not available among the sources consulted by the DIRB, please consult the upcoming Information Package Women in Romania for information on the situation of women in this country. For further background information, please consult the DIRB Question and Answer papers Romania: Selected Issues (April 1994), Romania: Security Forces and the Romanian Intelligence Service (June 1992) and Romania: Protest and Freedom of Expression (March 1991).

CHRONOLOGY

1993

7 October

Romania is admitted to the Council of Europe (RFE/RL 5 Nov. 1993, 40). In order to address concerns about human rights and democratization, the Council adds a number of caveats to the admission, one of which states that the Council will examine the country's progress in these areas every six months (ibid., 43). The Council also expects that homosexual acts will be decriminalized, that laws on ethnic minorities and education will be implemented and that Romania will sign the Charter for Local Autonomy and the Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (AI Mar. 1994, 3; Adevarul 26-27 Mar. 1994). Ion Solcanu, a senator from the ruling Party of Social Democracy (SDPR), states in the Senate that the conditions are not binding (BBC Summary 4 Oct. 1993). Others express displeasure with the recommendations, including Petre Roman, the former prime minister and leader of the Democratic Party-National Salvation Front (PD-FSN), and Gheorghe Funar, leader of the ultra-nationalist Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR) (ibid.; RFE/RL 5 Nov. 1993, 43-44).

12 October

Virgil Magureanu, a former Securitate officer, is re-appointed by parliament as head of the Romanian Information Service (SRI), the Securitate's successor (Radio Romania 12 Oct. 1993; Reuters 7 Oct. 1993). His re-appointment is opposed by opposition and human rights groups, who claim that the SRI is not sufficiently open and that it continues to engage in repressive "Securitate-style" activities (ibid.) The US Helsinki Commission reports in June 1994 that while "the overall climate of suspicion has significantly diminished", "allegations of phone tapping and other forms of harassment persist" (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 15). Country Reports 1993 states in February 1994 that there were "no substantial reports of human rights abuses by the SRI in 1993" (Country Reports 1993 1994, 1013).

14 October

According to Reuters, parliament approves a resolution that allows the Justice Ministry to strip immunity from prosecution from members of parliament in cases of corruption (Reuters 14 Oct. 1993). The resolution also calls for an inquiry into government corruption (see 28 September 1994) (ibid.).

15 October

Evenimentul Zilei, an independent daily described as "sensationalist", reports that a group in the city of Constanta called the Gypsy Skinners is planning violent attacks against the city's Roma (Gypsy) community, although the police express doubt that the group and others like it in fact exist (Reuters 15 Oct. 1993; ibid., 25 Oct. 1993); the DIRB has not found any subsequent information on this group or its activities.

20 October

The Roma community calls for demonstrations to protest the government's inadequate investigation of crimes against gypsies, particularly the September events in Hadareni in which three Roma were killed, 13 houses set on fire and another 25 destroyed following the killing of an ethnic Romanian by a Roma (Country Reports 1993 1994, 1019-20; BBC Summary 23 Oct. 1993; Rompres 30 Sept. 1993). The Romanian Gypsy Ethnic Committee claims that "20 anti-Gypsy actions" remain unsolved (ibid.).

22 October

A bust of war-time leader Marshal Ion Antonescu is unveiled in front of police headquarters in the town of Slobozia (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 27; The New York Times 7 Dec. 1993). The statue is reportedly funded in part by members of the police (ibid.). Extremist members of parliament, local police officers and a secretary of state from the Ministry of Culture are present at the ceremony (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 27). The Jewish community is concerned about the unveiling and other attempts to rehabilitate the man who led the country when numerous Jews were deported to the Transdniester region where many were eventually killed (ibid.; Antisemitism World Report 1994 1994, 115-16; The New York Times 7 Dec. 1993).

2 November

The United States restores Romania's most-favoured nation status, which had been suspended in 1988 because of concerns about human rights (RFE/RL 7 Jan. 1994, 125; Keesing's Nov. 1993, 39747).

2-3 November

Following a series of village commission meetings, Hadareni residents declare that 21 Roma families will be expelled from the village if they do not leave of their own accord (AI 11 Nov. 1993; LCHR July 1994, 291). Local and county representatives are reportedly present at the meetings (ibid.; AI 11 Nov. 1993). The village also decides that the rebuilding of the Roma's houses destroyed in September will be "based on their social behaviour" (Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Nov. 1994, 25).

8 November

Prosecutor General Vasile Manea Dragulin upholds the lifting of a ban in Sibiu on the sale of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf, an action condemned by Chief Rabbi Moses Rosen, leader of the country's Jewish community (Index on Censorship May-June 1994, 245; RFE/RL 8-12 Nov. 1993a, 19; ibid. 8-12 Nov. 1993b, 14).

November

The Senate is considering a draft law on the protection of state secrets (Los Angeles Times 9 Nov. 1993; The New York Times 30 Nov. 1993; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 16; Docket June 1994, 8). The law would make it an offence to "divulge information about state-owned or private companies, energy generation and distribution systems, communications networks and geological surveys" or "any kind of external relations and activities of the Romanian state, except for those which may and must be publicized according to the law" (LCHR July 1994, 289; Docket June 1994, 16). The draft's vague wording is criticized by human rights organizations as a potential danger to freedom of speech and the right to privacy (ibid.; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 16; Docket June 1994, 8). Although two western media reports state that the law has been passed (Los Angeles Times 9 Nov. 1993; The New York Times 30 Nov. 1993), other sources report that it is in the discussion stage only (Docket June 1994, US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 16).

11 November

The Senate approves amendments to Penal Code Article 239 which details the penalties, including the loss of credentials and jail terms, for insult and slander of public officials (Country Reports 1993 1994, 1015; Human Rights Watch/Helsinki June 1994, 7; AI Mar. 1994, 6-8). Sentences are higher if the person slandered is "a member of Parliament, the Government, a magistrate, a justice of the Constitutional Court, or a member of the Administrative Court, or against a police officer, a gendarme or other military" (ibid., 7; Human Rights Watch/Helsinki June 1994, 7). According to Article 205, the sentences are also higher if the offending statements are in the press (ibid.), although this provision is later removed (see 2 February 1994) (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 17; Reuters 3 Feb. 1994).

13-14 November 1993

The UDMR proposes a draft law on minorities which reportedly uses the phrases "autonomous communities" and "national minorities" interchangeably (Radio Romania 13 Nov. 1993; RFE/RL 15-19 Nov. 1993, 11; RFE/RL 7 Jan. 1994, 126). It would allow national minorities to communicate in their mother tongue with local authorities in areas where the ethnic minority population forms a certain percentage of the population, although two Radio Free Europe reports provide different reports of the percentage necessary (ibid.; RFE/RL 15-19 Nov. 1993, 11). The UDMR bill will be presented to parliament as an alternative to the government's official draft law on minorities (see 7 December 1993) (BBC Summary 7 June 1994; Radio Romania 13 Nov. 1993).

19 November

The government allocates 25 million lei for the rebuilding of the Roma homes destroyed in Hadareni, yet Human Rights Watch is informed that the money is only sufficient to rebuild six homes (Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Nov. 1994, 25; Country Reports 1993 1994, 1019-20). Although the government condemns the Hadareni events and the county police commander is dismissed, Roma and human rights groups later complain that no other concrete action is taken (ibid.; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 23-24). Seven months after the events, only one Roma house had been rebuilt and 13 months later no arrests had been made (ibid., 24; Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Nov. 1994, 3).

18 and 29 November

The National Confederation of Romania's Free Trade Unions organizes rallies in Bucharest and other cities to demand faster economic reform and to protest falling living standards (Rompres 18 Nov. 1993; Radio Romania 29 Nov. 1993). The 18 November rally, attended by an estimated 50,000 people, is the largest since the 1989 revolution (ibid.; Libération 19 Nov. 1993).

30 November

Over 30,000 Romanians gather in the Transylvanian city of Cluj to celebrate the unveiling of a statue of Avram Iancu, a 19th century hero who fought the Hungarians in the region (Reuters 30 Nov. 1993; Le Devoir Dec. 1 1993). One quarter of the city's population is of ethnic Hungarian origin (ibid.). A local UDMR representative states that the party will not take part in the unveiling because of the poor relations between the UDMR and the PUNR, whose leader, Gheorghe Funar, is the mayor of Cluj (Reuters 30 Nov. 1993). The local opposition claims that the statue serves only as "PUNR propaganda" (ibid.).

1 December

The 1918 unification of Romania and Transylvania is celebrated on Romania's national day (Keesing's Nov. 1993, 39746; Radio Romania 1 Dec. 1993). At least 10,000 people protest when former King Michael is not granted an entrance visa and is hence effectively forbidden to attend the ceremonies. (Documentation-Réfugiés 23 Nov.-6 Dec. 1993, 10). During the events, a number of people reportedly board a train carrying PD-FSN parliamentarians bound for the official celebrations at Alba Iulia, threatening them and delaying the train (Rompres 3 Dec. 1993; Radio Romania 2 Dec. 1993). According to Mr. Victor Bosinaru, spokesperson for the PD-FSN, the intruders were wearing emblems of the Greater Romania Party (PRM) (ibid.). The opposition Democratic Convention stages its own celebrations in Bucharest (Rompres 3 Dec. 1993).

7 December

A law on minorities is drafted and sent to the Council of Europe for their recommendations (Adevarul 26-27 Mar. 1994). It is expected to come before parliament in April 1994 (ibid.). The draft is also examined by the Ethnic Minorities Council, which is made up of representatives from the country's various ethnic groups and was formed in summer of 1993 to advise the government on minority issues (APADOR-CH 1993, 27). The Hungarian minority is not represented, as their delegates left the Council in September 1993 to protest the body's ineffectiveness (ibid.).

8 December

Between 30,000 and 40,000 people march through Bucharest in anti-government demonstrations, Libération 9 Dec. 1993; RFE/RL 6-10 Dec. 1993, 16). According to Radio Romania, the protests led to clashes between police and student marchers (Radio Romania 8 Dec. 1993). Radio Free Europe reports that students also protest poor living conditions in Cluj (RFE/RL 6-10 Dec. 1993, 16).

10 December

The death sentence passed on Ilie Ilascu, a pro-Romanian activist, in the Dniester Moldovan Republic (DMR) leads to anti-Russian protests as a reported 3,000 people led by students march on the Russian Embassy in Bucharest (Reuters 10 Dec. 1993). The protests continue sporadically throughout December (ibid. 15 Dec. 1993; UIP 16 Dec. 1993; ibid. 20 Dec. 1993).

13 December

The Senate approves a proposal that could lead to the release of lists of those who served as informers for the Securitate between 1945 and 1989 (Reuters 14 Dec. 1993). The law would also prevent those on the list from serving in the public service; the document must now be passed by the Chamber of Deputies to become law (RFE/RL 11-24 Dec. 1993b).

16 December

In Bucharest and Timisoara, early commemorations of the 1989 revolution are marked by anti-government rallies of several thousand people who protest declining standards of living and political corruption (Documentation-Réfugiés 7-20 Dec. 1993, 10; BBC Summary 18 Dec. 1993; Radio Romania 16 Dec. 1993; RFE/RL 11-24 Dec. 1993a, 18). Rallies also take place in Constanta, Ploiesti and Slatina (ibid.). The government issues a press release stating that the events in Timisoara were peaceful, despite "certain rumours claiming that incidents had taken place" (Radio Romania 16 Dec. 1993).

18 December

In Cluj (Kolozsvar in Hungarian), a faction of the UDMR calling itself the Social Democratic New Left-Wing Group sets itself up as a force of internal opposition (see entry for 24 October 1994) (Nepszabadsag 31 Dec. 1993).

21 December

On the anniversary of the 1989 revolution, "thousands" stage anti-government rallies in Bucharest (Reuters 21 Dec. 1993a; Radio Romania 21 Dec. 1993).

29 December

By a vote of 159-1, parliament passes a motion allowing the government to rule by decree during the January parliamentary recess (Reuters 30 Dec. 1993). The opposition Democratic Convention refuses to vote on the motion, stating that the move is unconstitutional and an attempt to bypass parliamentary debate on economic reform (ibid.). The Constitutional Court rules on 11 January 1994 that the law is indeed valid and it is promulgated by the president the following day (Keesing's Jan. 1994, 39829-30; Radio Romania 12 Jan. 1994).

31 December

The house of Ion Ratiu, a representative of the pro-monarchist National Peasants' Party and Vice-President of the Chamber of Deputies, is reportedly set on fire, which he believes is meant to force him to leave the country (Xinhua 4 Jan. 1994).

1994

4 January

The former head of the Securitate, Iulian Vlad, is released on parole after having served a third of his sentence (Le Devoir 5 Jan. 1994; Documentation-Réfugiés 4-17 Jan. 1994, 11). He had been sentenced to a prison term of twelve years for "complicity in genocide" and "extremely grave murders" [translation] (ibid.).

5 January

The National Unity Bloc, an alliance of the Democratic Agrarian party and the PUNR formed in late 1993, holds its first meeting (RFE/RL 7 Jan. 1994, 123; Evenimentul Zilei 6 Jan. 1994). They agree that the PUNR will lead the alliance for six months (ibid.).

10-11 January

Paul Everac, director of Romanian State Television (RTV), described as "the country's only truly nationwide television station", resigns (Human Rights Watch/Helsinki June 1994, 8; Radio Romania 11 Jan. 1994; Country Reports 1993 1994, 1016; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 18). His replacement, Dimitru Popa, reportedly served as the Secretary of State for Information with both the Ceausescu and Iliescu governments (ibid.; Radio Romania 11 Jan. 1994).

11 January

The head of the Iasi county SRI is replaced, allegedly for acts of incompetence that included failure to monitor the Moldovan Ministry of National Security (RFE/RL 8 July 1994, 23). The SRI heads in Vaslui and Neamt are also reportedly removed in January (see March 1994) (ibid.).

22 January

The ultra-nationalist PUNR and the ruling SDPR sign a protocol of cooperation (RFE/RL 18 Mar. 1994, 31). They also intend to include the Socialist Labour Party (PSM), the Democratic Agrarian Party (DAP) and the PRM (Keesing's Feb. 1994b, 39873).

24 January

A documentary is aired on television that explains the anti-Semitic policies of Marshal Antonescu by citing the alleged assassination of Romanian officials by Jews in 1940 (RFE/RL 24-28 Jan. 1994a, 19-20). Chief Rabbi Rosen protests the documentary and the general unwillingness of the government and the media to take a stand against anti-Semitic publications (ibid.).

Radio Free Europe reports that 39,000 miners are on strike in the Jiu Valley over unpaid wages and that the protests are spreading to other regions (RFE/RL 24-28 Jan. 1994b, 13). According to Radio Romania, by 26 January 65,000 workers are on strike in the area (Radio Romania 26 Jan. 1994).

25 January

A demonstration planned by the Free Association of Romanies, a Romanian Gypsy organization, is cancelled by the Bihor county police (BBC Summary 28 Jan. 1994). The demonstrations, which were opposed by the UDMR, had been organized to protest the handling by Reformed Church Bishop Laszlo Tokes, the honourary President of the UDMR, of German aid money earmarked for the Roma population (ibid.; BBC Summary 25 Jan. 1994). As of March 1994, this issue remains unresolved (ibid. 5 Mar. 1994).

27 January

At least one person is reportedly injured when 1,000 protestors stone President Iliescu's car as he travels through Timisoara (UPI 27 Jan. 1994). "Thousands" reportedly protest his presence in the city by gathering at the Prefect's Office (Romania Libera 28 Jan. 1994).

The Bucharest Territorial Military Court announces that Nicolae Ceausescu's brother Andruta will be released from jail for six months for health reasons (Radio Romania 27 Jan. 1994). He had been sentenced to 15 years in jail for his efforts to quell the 1989 revolution (see 6 February 1995) (ibid.).

28 January

According to union sources, over a million workers protest the slow pace of economic reform and poor working conditions in a one-hour strike (Keesing's Jan. 1994, 39830).

29 January

The apartment of the UDMR deputy in Cluj, Mr. Konya-Hamar, is reportedly ransacked (Romania Libera 2 Feb. 1994). He states that he believes the act was an effort to intimidate him because many of his political documents were taken and because he had recently received a series of threatening telephone calls (ibid.).

2 February

The Senate adopts the Draft Law for the Revision of the Penal Code; it now moves to the second parliamentary house, the Chamber of Deputies, which must pass it before it can become law (AI Mar. 1994, 3). A number of articles are covered by the bill (see also 11 November 1993). Article 236 makes punishable by one to five years in prison the "defamation in public of Romania and the Romanian nation" (see 9 November 1994) (Keesing's Feb. 1994a, 39873; AI Mar. 1994, 8-9).

Article 200, which had made homosexual acts punishable by sentences of one to five years, is also amended in the draft (Reuters 3 Feb. 1994; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 28). Now the only consensual relations that would be punishable are those causing a "public scandal" (ibid.; Reuters 3 Feb. 1994). Both the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) are of the opinion that the move will have no practical effect (IGLHRC 7 Feb. 1994; ILGA Bulletin Feb.-Mar. 1994, 18). A section has also been added to Article 200 against "allurement" and "propaganda", which ILGA states is designed to effectively ban homosexual publications or associations (ibid.; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 29). There are reportedly 57 people in jail for committing homosexual acts (ibid.; Reuters 3 Feb. 1994; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 28), three of whom are imprisoned only for having consensual homosexual relations (ibid.). The Juridical Committee of the Chamber of Deputies later amends the draft law further (see 27 April 1994).

4 February

Tudor Postelnicu, Interior Minister during the Ceausescu government, is released from prison for six months on the grounds of poor health (Adevarul 4 Feb. 1994).

4-21 February

A number of strikes and demonstrations are held across the country. On 4 February, hundreds of thousands of workers and sympathizers hold a warning strike to demand a change in government, economic reform and better social conditions (RFE/RL 7-11 Feb. 1994, 11). One week later, roughly 3,000 railway repair workers attack the Bucharest Transportation Ministry and fifteen police officers are injured (RFE/RL 14-18 Feb. 1994c, 11; Keesing's Feb. 1994c, 39873; RFE/RL 14-18 Feb. 1994b, 13). On 14 February, approximately 5,000 coal miners in Gorj, Mehedinti and Valcea counties go on strike to demand back pay and better working conditions (ibid.). Two days later in Tîrgu Jiu, thousands of miners attack the offices of the Lignite Company and the reports on the number of policemen hurt during the mêlée range from seven to nine (RFE/RL 14-18 Feb. 1994a, 19; Documentation-Réfugiés 15-28 Feb. 1994, 12; Radio Romania 16 Feb. 1994; Keesing's Feb. 1994c, 39873). These and other labour protests are part of the run-up to a general strike that has been called by Romania's three main trade unions (Reuters 16 Feb. 1994). On 21 February, the Tîrgu Jiu county court declares the one-week old miner's strike illegal (ibid. 21 Feb. 1994a). Union leaders advise their members to return to work (ibid.; RFE/RL 21-25 Feb. 1994, 12-13).

14 February

Craiova journalist Nicolae Andrei is arrested under Article 238, paragraph 1 of the Penal Code for publishing two stories allegedly critical of President Iliescu in the periodical Conflict (Human Rights Watch/Helsinki June 1994, 5; Index on Censorship May-June 1994, 245; AI Mar. 1994, 2; Reuters 21 Feb. 1994b). The article declares that slurring the honour of or publicly threatening an individual "engaged in an important state or public activity" is a punishable offence (LCHR July 1994, 289). On 18 February he is released on bail (AI Mar. 1994, 2; Reuters 21 Feb. 1994b).

15 February

Nine ethnic Romanians receive six-month sentences for their participation in the August 1991 burning of Roma homes in the towns of Vîlceaua and Ponorita (Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Nov. 1994, 17-18). The sentences are suspended as it is decided that the news of the rape of a Romanian woman by a Roma man prior to the attack was an extenuating circumstance (ibid., 18). There was no investigation of police actions during the attack, although they were apparently with the crowd as it moved from one town to the other (ibid.).

16 February

A one-year course is opened in Bucharest for "experts in national minorities ... inter-ethnic relations and social communication" (BBC Summary 19 Mar. 1994). The March 1994-March 1995 course is organized by the Council on National Minorities; representatives of the Council, the presidency, parliament, political parties and government ministries are scheduled to attend (ibid.).

Three former members of the militia and the Securitate are released from jail on the grounds of poor health (Documentation-Réfugiés 15-28 Feb. 1994, 12).

Evenimentul Zilei reports that the SRI chiefs in Dolj and Gorj counties have been replaced (Evenimentul Zilei 21 Feb. 1994). The paper also reports that the SRI director in Valcea was recently replaced for mishandling state funds and speculates that the chiefs in Braila and Galati will also shortly be removed following visits from SRI director Virgil Magureanu (ibid.).

28 February-1 March

The Cartel Alfa and Fratia labour unions launch a two-day strike for quicker economic reform, and better remuneration (RFE/RL 28 Feb.-4 Mar. 1994b, 10). The National Labor Bloc, which had originally supported the strikes, does not take part (ibid.). According to union sources, the strike stretches across the majority of the country's counties and roughly 740,000 people participate "fully or partially" in the two-day walk-out (Keesing's Mar. 1994a, 39928; Radio Romania 28 Feb. 1994).

March

A number of SRI personnel are dismissed, although sources are unclear as to how many of the force are affected (RFE/RL 8 July 1994, 24; UPI 18 Mar. 1994; ibid. 29 Mar. 1994; Financial Times 30 Mar. 1994). According to one report, SRI Director Virgil Magureanu states that 55 per cent of the force has been dismissed since 1991 (UPI 29 Mar. 1994). Another article quotes Magureanu as saying that 25-30 per cent of the old Securitate staff were removed in 1991 and that since his confirmation, "25 per cent of the territorial and central command structures have been replaced" (Curierul National 30 Mar. 1994), and a third states that a quarter of the SRI office staff has been "recently" replaced (Financial Times 30 Mar. 1994).

Specifically, Major General Gheorghe Diaconescu, the head of the SRI's Counterespionage Division, is removed from office on 7 March and placed under investigation by Magureanu (Evenimentul Zilei 12 Mar. 1994). He is later replaced by Colonel Mihai Lupu, a secret service careerist (ibid. 26 Mar. 1994). The heads of the SRI's Protection Division, known as Division E, are also reportedly fired (RFE/RL 8 July 1994, 24). Curierul National reports that the head of SRI Section C, which is responsible for "the protection of the national wealth", is also fired (ibid., 24 n.26). The SRI Deputy Director and head of the service's training school is removed as well (ibid., 24; Curierul National 30 Mar. 1994). The UPI refers to "four senior officers in charge of territorial divisions" who have been replaced (UPI 18 Mar. 1994). Magureanu denies that the dismissals are the result of a power struggle, claiming that they were due to inefficiency and unprofessional behaviour (Financial Times 30 Mar. 1994; UPI 29 Mar. 1994); UPI states that there has been speculation in the media that "mishandling of foreign espionage activities may be partly to blame" (ibid. 18 Mar. 1994).

On 29 March, Magureanu states that when it was created the SRI took over a third of the old Securitate-5,000 people (Curierul National 30 Mar. 1994; Financial Times 30 Mar. 1994). In the past his estimates of the percentage of the SRI who were former Securitate personnel ranged from 17-18 per cent to 60 percent (The Guardian 7 Jan. 1994).

1 March

The scheduled deadline for an official coalition of the PUNR and the ruling SDPR passes (RFE/RL 18 Mar. 1994, 32). A SDPR representative states on 2 March that the coalition will now only take place "in spirit" (ibid.).

6 March

As part of a government reorganization, Internal Affairs Minister Major General George Ioan Danescu and Defence Minister Lieutenant General Nicolae Spiroiu are replaced by Doru Ioan Taracila and Gheorghe Tinca respectively, both civilians (RFE/RL 1 Apr. 1994, 14, 16).

9 March

The Senate rejects a UDMR-proposed amendment to the draft bill on the police that is before parliament (Radio Romania 9 Mar. 1994). The amendment reportedly states that newly-appointed police in areas "in which the ethnic minority inhabitants represent the majority" must be able to speak the minority language (ibid.).

15 March

Commemorations are held in various regions across the country on the anniversary of the 1848 Hungarian revolution (MTI Econews 16 Mar. 1994; Radio Romania 15 Mar. 1994). The Covasna county prefect states that the observances were doubtless illegal, in part because demonstrators carried Hungarian flags and some Romanian flags were bedecked with black ribbons, and that he would attempt to ensure that such events were not repeated (ibid.); no reports are available of any action taken. The PUNR previously condemned plans for the events saying that they are designed to create "social tension", though Bishop Tokes stated that the commemorations are not targeted against anyone (BBC Summary 8 Mar. 1994).

18 March

The government dismisses 15 mayors and 12 councillors, including the mayor of Bucharest District 6, who is a member of the NPP-CD, which is part of the opposition Democratic Convention (BBC Summary 28 Mar. 1994). The government claims that the actions were taken because of local budgetary irregularities, although the NPP-CD and other opposition parties claim that the moves were part of an effort to discredit them (ibid.; Keesing's Mar. 1994b, 39929). In January 1995, a presidential spokesperson states that the government has received a letter from the Council of Europe's Congress for Local Administrations expressing concern about the suspension of several mayors (Radio Romania 16 Jan. 1995).

22 March

The Senate approves a draft law that would prevent Hungarian veterans who fought against the Romanian army in World War II from receiving veterans' rights or benefits (RFE/RL 21-25 Mar. 1994, 15; BBC Summary 4 Apr. 1994b). The bill, which does not address the former Germans living in Southern Transylvania who were members of the Wehrmacht or the SS, now moves to the Chamber of Deputies (ibid.).

24-25 March

In a decree dated 24 March and released the following day, President Iliescu pardons 24 prisoners who were jailed following the 1989 revolution (Radio Romania 25 Mar. 1994a; ibid. 25 Mar. 1994b; UPI 25 Mar. 1994). They include eight of the twenty-eight Communist Party members who had been imprisoned for crimes of "aggravated murder and complicity in aggravated murder" in 1992 and eight Hungarians charged in the murder of a police officer (ibid.; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 13). According to UPI, the eight Communist party members brings to twenty the number of jailed Communist party leaders released in the last year (UPI 25 Mar. 1994). Presidential spokesperson Traian Chebeleu acknowledges that the release of the Hungarians, at least, was partially prompted by the upcoming visit of Council of Europe rapporteurs (ibid.; Radio Romania 25 Mar. 1994b). Human Rights Watch reports that by November 1994, only one person remained in prison for "crimes related to the shooting of demonstrators" in 1989 (HRW 1994, 218).

27-30 March

Two Council of Europe rapporteurs visit Romania to examine Romania's human rights progress (Reuters 28 Mar. 1994b). At this time, the UDMR presents a series of complaints to the Council pertaining to the lack of laws on minorities, the anti-Hungarian actions of Cluj mayor and PUNR leader Gheorghe Funar and perceived judicial bias (see also 18 May 1994) (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 21; Reuters 28 Mar. 1994b).

31 March

The Parliamentary Commission on Defence, Public Order and National Security, led by Senator Radu Timofte and Petre Roman, calls on Internal Affairs Minister Doru Ioan Taracila and First Deputy Interior Minister Gheorghe Ioan Dansecu to justify the 1993 activities of UM (Military Unit) 0215, the Intelligence Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Radio Romania 31 Mar. 1994; RFE/RL 29 July 1994, 27). They are called following leaked reports that the Unit had been involved in "Securitate-style" activities, including surveillance of political figures and other Romanians who might have contacts abroad (ibid., 30; Romania Libera 17 Mar. 1993 [sic]). The Commission concludes that the organization is working in accordance with the law, although some employees "might have overstepped the mark" (RFE/RL 29 July 1994, 30; Radio Romania 31 Mar. 1994).

April

A new law on the police is adopted (BBC Summary 7 June 1994; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 33). The US Helsinki Commission calls it "a first step in demilitarizing the Romanian police" (ibid.). The government states that the law provides for the police to be made up of "policemen and civilian personnel" as opposed to the previous law, which stated that the force would include "military staff and civilian personnel" (BBC Summary 7 June 1994).

4 April

Three of the eight Hungarians pardoned by President Iliescu on 25 March have their pardons overruled by the Alba Iulia City Court, reportedly on the recommendation of the Aiud prison authorities (BBC Summary 4 Apr. 1994a; Evenimentul Zilei 6 Apr. 1994). All three appeal the decisions (ibid.). On 18 April the court rules that one of the prisoners, Mihaly Balint, should be released, although the other two are to remain in jail (ibid. 19 Apr. 1994). They will appeal the ruling to the Supreme Court (ibid.).

late April

A new intelligence service known as the Directorate for Operative Supervision and Intelligence has reportedly been recently established (RFE/RL 29 July 1994, 27, 30; Evenimentul Zilei 27 Apr. 1994). According to Evenimentul Zilei, the group is not subordinate to UM 0215, and the newspaper speculates that it is responsible for carrying out an "intelligence supervisory watch on the activity of the General Police Inspectorate and to brief the Inspectorate leadership on relevant operational developments" (ibid.) Radio Free Europe adds that the group's activities are apparently not restricted to police operations, as, for example, hotels are expected to turn over their records to the organization and to UM 0215 (RFE/RL 29 July 1994, 30).

Evenimentul Zilei states that this new group is the country's sixth intelligence service (Evenimentul Zilei 27 Apr. 1994), although the exact number of such organizations is in dispute. According to an October 1993 article in Dimineata, the July 1991 Law on Romania's National Security states that there are seven intelligence services in the country (Dimineata 12 Oct. 1993), while a July 1994 Radio Free Europe report states that there are nine (RFE/RL 29 July 1994, 27).

The Juridical Committee of the Chamber of Deputies proposes a modified draft version of Penal Code Article 200 dealing with homosexual acts (see 2 February 1994) (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 29). The phrase "causing public scandal" is changed to "perpetrated in public" and the paragraph on propaganda and proselytizing is removed (ibid.; ILGA Bulletin July-Aug.-Sept. 1994).

3 May

A "march of national despair" in Tîrgu Jiu draws several thousand miners to protest the country's economic conditions (Reuters 3 May 1994).

4 May

The Romanian Communist Party (PCR) is registered (Le Devoir 5 May 1994; Keesing's May 1994, 40016). The old PCR had been banned after the 1989 revolution (ibid.).

6 May

Chief Rabbi Moses Rosen, who helped between 300,000 and 400,000 Jews leave Romania after World War II and who led the Jewish community since 1954, dies (Reuters 6 May 1994; AFP 13 June 1994). Nicolae Cajal becomes the new President of the Federation of Jewish Communities on 13 June and civic leader of the country's 14,000 Jews (ibid.; AFP 7 May 1994).

11 May

Romania signs Protocol 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), which gives citizens the right to have grievances heard at the European Court of Human Rights (Adevarul 12 May 1994; Financial Times 13 May 1994). The government reports that the law on the Ratification of the ECHR and its protocols is promulgated on 17 May (BBC Summary 7 June 1994).

17 May

The Constitutional Court declares unconstitutional the section of the Law on War Veterans and Certain Rights of War Invalids and Widows that states that claimants should not have fought against the Romanian army (Radio Romania 17 May 1994).

18 May

The Council of Europe releases a report prepared after the March visit of two of its rapporteurs (see 24-25 March) (Reuters 19 May 1994). Among other things, the report notes that one of the Hungarians pardoned by President Iliescu in March remains in jail, although on 4 June the government claims that all of the Hungarians pardoned were released (ibid.; BBC Summary 7 June 1994). The report also expresses concern about the removal of bilingual signs, the availability of mother-tongue education and the continued criminalization of homosexuality (Reuters 19 May 1994).

Documentation-Réfugiés reports that four classes are opened on a trial basis for Roma children and that a Roma language manual was recently published in Bucharest (Documentation-Réfugiés 10-23 May 1994, 9).

24 May

Jews and ethnic Hungarians protest proposals to build a statue of Marshal Ion Antonescu in Tîrgu Mures, Transylvania (RFE/RL 24-27 May 1994a, 16). The statue is sponsored by the Marshal Antonescu League of War Veterans over the objections of the town council (Antisemitism World Report 1994 1994, 117).

26 May

Two policemen receive 15-year sentences for the December 1993 murder of a suspect while in custody (RFE/RL 24-27 May 1994b, 20; US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 37).

The government begins issuing new passports in an effort to prevent forgeries (Reuters 26 May 1994).

29 May

In the village of Racsa, nine Roma homes and other Roma-owned buildings are set on fire after two Roma are charged with the 26 May murder of a Romanian (Reuters 31 May 1994; Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Nov. 1994, 28). An estimated 800 to 1,000 people are reportedly involved (ibid.). Although the Romanian Helsinki Committee expresses concern that no preventative measures were apparently taken, the group notes that police efforts to identify the perpetrators were prompt and determined (ibid., 29). Thirty-eight people are charged with various offences, although none with arson; all are to remain free during the upcoming trial (ibid., 30).

28-29 May

A two-day conference of the coal miners' trade unions resolves to establish a unified structure to represent all the coal miners' unions which will be known as the Christian-Democratic Miners' Convention Saint Varvara, named for the Orthodox patron saint of miners (RFE/RL 30 May-3 June 1994, 13; Reuters 30 May 1994).

7 June

The Supreme Court declares the May registration of the Romanian Communist Party illegal "under a law which bans groups that support totalitarianism, extremism, fascism or Communism" (Index on Censorship Sept.-Oct. 1994, 247; Keesing's June 1994a, 40074).

9 June

Roughly 2,500 people protest the decision by the Cluj council, led by Mayor Gheorghe Funar, to start archaeological excavations in the city centre that will involve the removal of the statue of King Matthias, a medieval Hungarian monarch (ibid. 24 June 1994).

14-16 June

In Bucharest, approximately 10,000 workers hold anti-government demonstrations protesting the country's poor economic and social conditions (Reuters 14 June 1994; Keesing's June 1994b, 40074; Radio Romania 14 June 1994). The protests end after the government and the Alfa Cartel trade union sign an agreement on wage increases (ibid. 16 June 1994).

17 June

The Law on the Organization and Functioning of the Romanian Societies of Radio and Television is adopted by parliament and promulgated by the president (RFE/RL 20-24 June 1994, 10). "The law ... provides for parliamentary control over national radio and TV programs" (ibid.). One of the law's articles states that radio and TV must "observe the provisions of the constitution" (ibid. 28 Feb. - 4 Mar. 1994a, 19).

21 June

According to a Hungarian newspaper, police remove Hungarian-Romanian bilingual signs in over 20 locations throughout Mures county on the orders of the county prefect, an action condemned by the UDMR (Nepszabadsag 23 June 1994). As of September 1993, the government had been reportedly considering allowing bilingual signs in areas with "significant" minority populations (RFE/RL 20-24 Sept. 1993).

22 June

Approximately 2,000 people gather in Cluj at a UDMR-organized demonstration to protest the archaeological excavations that are scheduled to begin today (BBC Summary 24 June 1994; Nepszabadsag 23 June 1994).

23 June

The Chamber of Deputies passes a draft Law on Education (RFE/RL 19 Aug. 1994, 26). The bill is opposed by the UDMR as it provides for classes at vocational, "confessional", medical and agricultural schools to be taught in Romanian only (BBC Summary 1 July 1994; AFP 8 June 1994). As well, history, geography and civic education must be taught in Romanian in all schools (ibid.; RFE/RL 19 Aug. 1994, 25). As of late December 1994, the law remains before various "specialized commissions" (Adevarul 22 Dec. 1994).

July

The Constitutional Court rules that Article 200 of the Penal Code is unconstitutional as it applies to homosexual acts committed in private that do not result in a public scandal, although acts that do cause public scandal are still punishable (Index on Censorship Sept.-Oct. 1994, 247; AI 20 July 1994).

1 July

In Bucharest, a one-day demonstration is staged by the country's researchers to demand higher salaries and to protest the lack of funding to research institutions (BBC Summary 4 July 1994; UPI 1 July 1994). One source estimates the number of participants at 10,000 (ibid.).

24 June and 7 July

Demonstrations continue against the Cluj excavations, reportedly leading to "scuffles" with police on 7 July (Reuters 8 July 1994; RFE/RL 5-8 July 1994, 19; ibid., 27 June-1 July 1994a, 11).

8 July

The government orders a stop to the proposed archaeological excavation in Cluj (Radio Romania 8 July 1994; Keesing's July 1994a, 40114).

An 8 July 1994 Reuters report refers to the "biggest street protests of the year" in which "tens of thousands" of workers protest wage freezes planned by the government (Reuters 8 July 1994).

10 July

The UDMR Council calls for a change in strategy that could include civil disobedience by the Hungarian population (Radio Romania 12 July 1994; BBC Summary 18 July 1994). Rompres credits the shift to the passing of the education bill by the Chamber of Deputies (ibid.).

29 June-14 July

The SRI releases a report on the Securitate's activities during the 1989 revolution which absolves it from blame for the bloodshed (Keesing's July 1994b, 40114; RFE/RL 27 June-1 July 1994b, 16).

28 July-5 August

An estimated 64,000 to 70,000 coal miners hold a nine-day strike for higher wages in the Jiu mining valley; some protestors also engage in hunger strikes (AFP 1 Aug. 1994; Le Monde 5 Aug. 1994; Radio Romania 5 Aug. 1994).

2 August

The Cluj excavations begin after a government committee intervenes in the stand-off; authorities promise no damage will be done to historical Hungarian monuments (BBC Summary 25 July 1994; Keesing's Aug. 1994, 40155; Radio Romania 2 Aug. 1994). The city police issue warnings that they will not permit any "hostile demonstrations" (ibid.).

9 August

UDMR leader Bela Marko gives an interview to the daily Meridian in which he states that the Hungarian minority should obtain "regional, local and cultural autonomy", including the recognition of Hungarian as an official language, in areas of "compact Hungarian population" as part of the Hungarian-Romanian bilateral treaty under negotiation (BBC Summary 11 Aug. 1994; Keesing's Aug. 1994, 40155). A SDPR deputy accuses the UDMR of exacerbating ethnic tensions (Press Association Newsfile 10 Aug. 1994).

16 August

The UDMR begins a campaign to collect signatures in support of an alternative education bill (RFE/RL 16-19 Aug. 1994, 16). At least 250,000 signatures are necessary for the bill to be debated in parliament (BBC Summary 14 Sept. 1994).

18 August

As the result of a cabinet shuffle, two ultra-nationalist members of the PUNR join the government; Valeriu Tabara and Adrian Turicu become Ministers of Agriculture and Communications respectively (Radio Romania 18 Aug. 1994; AFP 19 Aug. 1994). Leaders of the UDMR and the Democratic Convention express concern at the move, the latter stating that the PUNR's "only policy is to be anti-Hungarian" (ibid.).

31 August

According to Romania Libera, the government is considering the establishment of a new intelligence service to fight corruption among UM 0215 staff (Romania Libera 31 Aug. 1994). If such a body were established, the paper states, it would be the country's eighth secret service organization (see 27 April 1994) (ibid.).

19 September

The UDMR presents its petition to the Senate demanding that Hungarians be able to receive their education in Hungarian (Reuters 20 Sept. 1994; RFE/RL 20 Sept. 1994). The petition also demands the return of Church property seized under the Communist government (ibid.). The alternative bill is stalled as of late December 1994, when the government claims that two per cent of the 492,000 signatures collected are suspect; police state that it will take nine months to verify the signatures (Adevarul 22 Dec. 1994).

20 September

Reuters reports that the last two Communist leaders jailed following the 1989 revolution are released on parole, which leads to protests from civic groups (Reuters 21 Sept. 1994). Estimates on the number of Communists jailed after the 1989 events include 87 (Reuters 21 Sept. 1994), "up to 30" (Reuters 28 Mar. 1994a), and 24 (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 13-14).

Radio Free Europe states that six former Communists who have been released have applied for pardons to prevent their return to prison (RFE/RL 22 Sept. 1994).

28 September

Parliamentary debate begins on the findings of the government's Anti-Corruption Commission (RFE/RL 29 Sept. 1994; Romania Libera 6 Sept. 1994). The Commission releases two reports on allegedly corrupt activities in the past, one signed by government members, one by opposition members (BBC Summary 30 Sept. 1994). Interior Minister Doru Ioan Taracila states that as part of the government's fight against corruption, 113 mayors and 74 councillors, as well as numerous other officials, have been fired for illegal activities (see 14 Feb. 1995) (ibid.).

5 October

Following the reports of the Anti-Corruption Commission, which will be submitted to the Prosecutor General for follow-up, both government houses adopt a draft decision against corruption (BBC Summary 8 Oct. 1994). The decision calls for the debate and adoption of laws on ministerial responsibility, the "statute" [sic] of the public servant, the income of public servants and ministers, the fight against corruption, the "statute" [sic] of the police, deputies and senators, as well as improvements to the civil and criminal codes (ibid.). The Interior and Justice Ministries are required to submit reports on the steps taken to fight corruption (ibid.).

11 October

The Executive Board of the UDMR complains about the recent removal of Hungarian-language signs from two Szekler county police buildings (Romaniai Magyar Szo 15-16 Oct. 1994). They also complain that what they consider to be excessive police and military forces are deployed in the Szekler region and that they are requisitioning needed housing and land (see entry for 3 December 1994) (ibid.).

18 October

Parliament passes a Penal Code Article that prohibits "propaganda promoting the setting up of a totalitarian state"; penalties range from six months to five years (Index on Censorship Nov.-Dec. 1994; RFE/RL 19 Oct. 1994). Article 166 of the Penal Code had prohibited "propaganda of fascist character" (ibid.; AI Mar. 1994).

19 October

Three officers charged with the murder of almost 50 people, including military cadets, in the 1989 revolution are found not guilty by the military section of the Supreme Court (RFE/RL 20 Oct. 1994; Reuters 21 Dec. 1993b; Reuters 3 June 1994). Survivors and relatives had claimed when the trial began that they received threats related to the case (ibid.).

24 October

The Transylvania wing of the UDMR, stating that the party can no longer represent the interests of manual labourers in the region, breaks away to form the Social Democratic New Left (see also 18 December 1993) (Kossuth Radio 24 Oct. 1994).

25 October

The Chamber of Deputies votes to maintain Article 200 of the Penal Code, which makes homosexual acts punishable by one to five years in prison (RFE/RL 27 Oct. 1994; Adevarul 26 Oct. 1994; HRW 1994, 217), in contrast to the version previously passed by the Senate, which had made homosexual acts illegal only if they caused a public scandal (see 2 February 1994) (ibid.). The impasse will be broken by the Mediation Commission and a "plenum of the joint chambers of Parliament" (ibid.). The Chamber's version is apparently changed in the following two weeks to prohibit only those homosexual acts that take place in public and disturb public order (RFE/RL 9 Nov. 1994; Reuters 7 Nov. 1994). [ For further information, refer to DIRB Response to Information Request ROM18878.E (1 Dec. 1994).]

On the fiftieth anniversary of the liberation of the last area of northern Transylvania from war-time rule by Hungary (RFE/RL 26 Oct. 1994; Adevarul 27 Oct. 1994), Gheorghe Funar releases a statement that inter alia declares that those Hungarians in Romania not loyal to Romania "'had better hasten on their way to Hungary'" (ibid.). The UDMR claims the statement is unconstitutional and threatens to sue, while a PUNR spokesperson distances the PUNR from Funar by declaring that he was not speaking on behalf of the party, but as an individual (ibid.).

late October

Adevarul reports that the first 'nest' [ FBIS indicates that the original source uses the Romanian word cuib. An alternative translation of cuib could not be found by DIRB.] of the Iron Guard has been opened in Bucharest in 50 years (Adevarul 29-30 Oct. 1994). The Iron Guard was a party from the inter-war period described as "anti-Semitic, anti-Soviet" and "fascist" (Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook 1994 1994, 1087; Antisemitism World Report 1994 1994, 115). The party, which was banned in 1940 (ibid.), continues to be illegal in Romania according to Adevarul (Adevarul 29-30 Oct. 1994).

November

The Parliamentary Oversight Commission of the SRI submits a report on that organization's activities to parliament (Evenimentul Zilei 19 Nov. 1994). Evenimentul Zilei prints excerpts from the report detailing the dangers facing Romania from "mafia-type" organizations, various political and religious extremist groups and the Iron Guard (ibid.). In July, Romania Libera had reported that the report also contained information on the SRI's wiretapping activities, the discrepancy between the number of investigations carried out by the organization and the number of cases that reached the courts and the SRI's use of official funds (Romania Libera 8 July 1994).

3 November

According to UDMR Senator Gheorghe Frunda, the Council of Europe plans to make an unprecedented second trip to Romania to investigate how the country is fulfilling the Council's conditions of its October 1993 admittance (see 7 October 1993) (BBC Summary 5 Nov. 1994).

7 November

Patriarch Teocist, head of the Romanian Orthodox Church, submits a petition to parliament asking them to overturn revisions made to Penal Code Article 200 and to make homosexual acts a crime once more (see 25 October 1994) (Reuters 7 Nov. 1994). More than 80 per cent of the population is Romanian Orthodox (ibid.). The following day approximately 200 Orthodox theology students stage a protest against the new legislation (Libération 9 Nov. 1994).

9 November

Officials announce that they have uncovered a group smuggling babies out of the country and that at least a dozen children have already been taken to Italy (Reuters 23 Nov. 1994; RFE/RL 11 Nov. 1994b).

The Chamber of Deputies passes a Penal Code amendment that makes punishable the "unauthorized display of foreign flags and the singing of foreign national anthems" with sentences of six months to three years (RFE/RL 11 Nov. 1994a; Kossuth Radio 10 Nov. 1994; Keesing's Nov. 1994, 40288). The Senate draft of the Penal Code does not include this article and the matter is now before that Chamber and the Mediation Commission (RFE/RL 11 Nov. 1994a). At a UDMR press conference the next day, Deputy Ervin Szekely states that the article on "slandering the country and the nation" was also adopted (see 2 February 1994) (Kossuth Radio 10 Nov. 1994).

12 November

A bust of Marshal Ion Antonescu is unveiled in the town of Piatra-Neamt (RFE/RL 15 Nov. 1994).

15 November

Rompres announces that a shortage of newsprint could cause the press to stop functioning in three days (Radio Romania 15 Nov. 1994). Some newspapers claim that the government is purposely hindering the free working of the press, accusations that had been frequent between 1989 and 1992 (US Helsinki Commission June 1994, 17; Radio Romania 22 Nov. 1994). The government denies the charges (ibid.). The shortage, and the accusations of government interference, continue into the new year (Libertatea 6 Jan. 1995).

16 November

The Hungarian press reports that the Romanian government has issued an arrest warrant for Lajos Monus, the UDMR county leader in Tîrgu Mures, apparently because of an unpaid fine following a July 1994 demonstration against the Cluj archaeological excavation (Kossuth Radio 16 Nov. 1994).

20 November

Hungarian radio reports that several ethnic Hungarians were beaten with chains and rubber tubes by Romanian youths while attending a dance in the town of Vaida (BBC Summary 22 Sept. 1994).

24 November

SRI Director Virgil Magureanu submits the organization's annual report to parliament (Adevarul 21/22 Nov. 1994; Evenimentul Zilei 25 Nov. 1994b). The report, and Magureanu's speech upon its presentation to Parliament, expresses concern about rising crime, the resurgence of the Iron Guard, the possibility of a reformed Communist Party and the "obsessive preoccupations" of the "Hungarian extremists" with establishing autonomy (ibid.; Adevarul 21/22 Nov. 1994). While discussing the report, Magureanu announces that the SRI is preparing a multi-volume "White Book of the Securitate" that will disclose previously unreleased information about that body (Evenimentul Zilei 25 Nov. 1994a).

2 December

The Austrian Counterespionage service announces that they have taken a Viennese lawyer, Eva Barky, under their protection as they fear she has been targeted for assassination by the SRI because of her efforts on behalf of Romania's Hungarian minority (Duna TV 3 Dec. 1994; Radio Romania 2 Dec. 1994). Her complaints to the European Court about the alleged torture while in prison of the five Hungarian prisoners released in April is cited as an example (ibid.). The Austrians claim that Bishop Laszlo Tokes and two other Hungarian activists are also in danger (ibid.; Duna TV 3 Dec. 1994). The SRI denies the allegations, although they admit that Barky has been declared persona non grata in Romania (Radio Romania 2 Dec. 1994).

3 December

The Hungarian press reports that the Romanian government is about to send new troops unnecessarily to the eastern Transylvanian area of Szeklerland (BBC Summary 3 Dec. 1994). The UDMR continues to protest the 'militarization' of the area and claims that the police force in the region is three times as large as elsewhere in the country (see 11 October 1994) (RFE/RL 6 Dec. 1994). Defence Minister Gheorghe Tinca denies accusations that the Romanian troops stationed in the area are upsetting the region's ethnic balance (Magyar Nemzet 22 Dec. 1994).

6-15 December

Industrial workers in Resita go on strike for back pay and demand that the prime minister visit the town (UPI 10 Dec. 1994; Radio Romania 7 Dec. 1994). Evenimentul Zilei claims that they are the first spontaneous protests since 1992 and that it is first time that President Iliescu has felt compelled to address protestors (Evenimentul Zilei 10 Dec. 1994). Estimates of those involved at different times include 7,000 and 14,000 (Radio Romania 10 Dec. 1994; ibid. 9 Dec. 1994). Union leaders advise their members to end the protests on 14 December after they make a deal whereby the government agrees to address certain social problems in the area and to provide a US$ 70 million aid package to the Resita iron and steel plant (Radio Romania 14 Dec. 1994). Nevertheless, several hundred workers continue protesting the following day, and strikes spread into Buzau, Braila and Bacua counties as well as into Transylvania and Bucharest (RFE/RL 16 Dec. 1994; Kossuth Radio 14 Dec. 1994).

14 December

According to one source, the Senate rejects the law prohibiting the flying of foreign flags and the singing of foreign national anthems (Keesing's Dec. 1994, 40334).

16 December

On the fifth anniversary of the 1989 revolution, several thousand people march in Timisoara in anti-government demonstrations (RFE/RL 19 Dec. 1994). Official ceremonies are held the next day (ibid.).

19 December

The UDMR protests in parliament Cluj mayor Gheorghe Funar's attempts to evict several Hungarians from their apartments under a Communist era law that dictates the square footage permitted per apartment inhabitant (Evenimentul Zilei 20 Dec. 1994).

late December

The press reports that Bishop Laszlo Tokes, honourary President of the UDMR, served as an informer for the Securitate, a charge he apparently does not categorically deny (Curierul National 31 Dec. 1994; Adevarul 29 Dec. 1994; Evenimentul Zilei 9 Jan. 1995). Benedeck Nagy, a UDMR deputy, begins a campaign against Tokes; Bela Marko, UDMR Chairperson, condemns the accusations as efforts to discredit the organization (Nepszava 7 Jan. 1995).

1995

January

A 19 January 1995 Romania Libera article states that the Standing Bureau of the Chamber of Deputies has rejected an effort to place all of the country's secret services under parliamentary control (Romania Libera 19 Jan. 1995).

7 January

On the UDMR's fifth anniversary, Chairman Bela Marko reiterates the belief that Romanian minorities should be accorded a form of "personal, local and regional autonomy" (Romaniai Magyar Szo 11 Jan. 1995; Kossuth Radio 7 Jan. 1995).

9 January

Two Roma houses are burned down and five people, three Romanians and two Roma, are injured in the Giurgiu county town of Bacu following a "village brawl" (Reuters 9 Jan. 1995; OMRI 10 Jan. 1995).

14 January

The country's UDMR mayors and councillors form a council to help draft local policies and to prepare for the 1996 elections (Adevarul 16 Jan. 1995; Radio Romania 18 Jan. 1995). The government objects to the council on the grounds that it is discriminatory (Kossuth Radio 20 Jan. 1995).

Mid-January

The family of a girl who likely contracted the AIDS virus in an Iasi hospital sues the Health Ministry, the first time such a suit has been launched (OMRI 17 Jan. 1995; AFP 19 Jan. 1995). Several other families in similar situations are also beginning proceedings against the government (ibid.).

17 January

Radio Bucharest reports that workers have resumed their protests in Resita, demanding better pay and working conditions (OMRI 18 Jan. 1995). Organizers say that the government has not lived up to the promises it made after December protests (ibid.).

20 January

The ruling SDPR and its partner the PUNR sign an official cooperation protocol with the PSM and the PRM, thereby strengthening their unofficial alliance (OMRI 23 Jan. 1995; Radio Romania 20 Jan. 1995; Xinhua 20 Jan. 1995). The UDMR calls the move an "extraordinary attack" (Duna TV 23 Jan. 1995).

23 January

The government dismisses various mayors and councillors in 28 towns across the country, most of whom are reportedly from the opposition (OMRI 24 Jan. 1995). The Economist reports that as of 1 February 1995, 50 local government posts are vacant (The Economist 4-10 Feb. 1995, 46).

Late January

The UDMR's ongoing calls for autonomy for the Hungarian minority lead PUNR head Gheorghe Funar to issue a release stating that the UDMR should be banned, a position supported by the Justice Minister, a member of the PUNR (Kossuth Radio 25 Jan. 1995; Radio Romania 25 Jan. 1995b; OMRI 25 Jan. 1995). Funar's communique also states that UDMR members should be removed from certain jobs and that ethnic Hungarian public employees should be tested in Romanian (Radio Romania 25 Jan. 1995b). Relations among the PUNR, the SDPR and the UDMR grow increasingly tense (ibid.; OMRI 26 Jan. 1995; Radio Romania 25 Jan. 1995a; OMRI 8 Feb. 1995a). On 27 January, Funar calls on the president to institute a state of emergency in Harghita, Covasna and Mures counties because of the danger of militant separatism; Adevarul reports that the SRI has no indication of such a danger (Adevarul 1 Feb. 1995). On 30 January President Iliescu condemns both the autonomy aspirations of the UDMR and Funar's "irrational" reactions (OMRI 31 Jan. 1995).

2 February

Bishop Tokes announces that he will step down as Honorary Chairperson of the UDMR until the Party can settle its internal disputes (Kossuth Radio 2 Feb. 1995).

5 February

Radio Romania broadcasts a government communique which states that a "ceremony organized by Odorheiul Council" and a "recent statement" by the Harghita Councty Council are in violation the law on public administration and the law on "flying Romania's flag, singing the national anthem and the using of signs with Romania's emblem by public authorities and institutions" (Radio Romania 7 Jan. 1995 [sic]). Chronology - ROM 2. (1995)

6 February

According to UPI, a military tribunal orders Andruta Ceausescu to be returned to jail, and he is taken directly to prison by police (UPI 6 Feb. 1995).

9 February

Resita workers strike for higher wages and the leader of the country's coal miners calls for thousands of miners to strike the following week for higher state subsidies (OMRI 10 Feb. 1995a; ibid. 10 Feb. 1995b).

14 February

Opposition deputies protest the government's "massive dismissal" of mayors and councillors (OMRI 15 Feb. 1995). The government replies in a press release that the 133 mayors and 98 councillors dismissed in the past two years were fired because of "corruption and abuse of office" (ibid.). The release also states that some of those let go were from the ruling SDPR, despite accusations that the government had targeted local opposition politicians (ibid.).

ADDENDUM

Since the research for this report was completed, the following sources have become available to the Documentation, Information and Research Branch. Please consult an IRB Regional Documentation Centre for information on obtaining these documents.

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1994. 1995. United States Department of State. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights. February 1995. Lifting the Last Curtain: A Report on Domestic Violence in Romania. Minneapolis, Minn.: Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights.

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). Transition [Prague]. bi-weekly.

Romanian Helsinki Committee (APADOR-CH). 1994. Human Rights Developments in Romania: The Activities of the Romanian Helsinki Committee (APADOR-CH). Bucharest: APADOR-CH.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). November 1994. Background Paper on Romanian Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Geneva: UNHCR.

APPENDIX: NOTES ON SOURCES

Romanian media (various):

According to an editorial in the 25 May 1994 issue of the Foreign Broadcast Information Sevice (FBIS), Adevarul is an independent daily, Romania Libera is the "main opposition paper" and Evenimentul Zilei is a "popular daily" that is "consistently critical of [President] Iliescu"FBIS 25 May 1994 . Country Reports 1993 refers to Evenimentul Zilei as a "mass circulation, sensationalist daily" (Country Reports 1993 1994, 1015).

OMRI Daily Digest:

The OMRI Daily Digest is published electronically by the Open Media Research Institute. Citations listed as having been received via an internet mailing list were received via the electronic listserver at [email protected]. OMRI is a joint initiative of the United States Board for International Broadcasting, the US oversight agency of RFE/RL and the Soros Foundation's Open Society Institute. OMRI now fulfills many of the research needs previously addressed by the RFE/RL Research Institute (see below). OMRI also publishes a bi-weekly journal of events in the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other countries.

RFE/RL Daily Report:

The RFE/RL Daily Report was published electronically by the Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute, a division of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Inc., until December 1994, when the RFE/RL Research Institute closed. The Open Media Research Institute (see above) now fulfills many of the research needs previously addressed by the Institute. Citations listed as having been received via an internet mailing list were received via the electronic listserver at [email protected].

REFERENCES

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 1 February 1995. "SRI Disagrees with Funar Situation Assessment." (FBIS-EEU-95-024 6 Feb. 1995, p. 25)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 16 January 1995. "UDMR Establishes Mayors, Councillors Council." (FBIS-EEU-95-013 20 Jan. 1995, p. 33)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 29 December 1994. "Bishop's Alleged Securitate Past Questioned." (FBIS-EEU-95-001 3 Jan. 1995, p. 24)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 22 December 1994. "Senator Says Government Dragging Feet on Bill." (FBIS-EEU-95-001 3 Jan. 1995, pp. 22-23)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 21-22 November 1994. "Intelligence Service Submits Report to Parliament." (FBIS-EEU-94-228 28 Nov. 1994, pp. 33-36)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 29-30 October 1994. "Iron Guard 'Nest' Opened in Bucharest." (FBIS-EEU-94-211 1 Nov. 1994, p. 25)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 27 October 1994. "PUNR's Leader's Statements Cause Controversy." (FBIS-EEU-94-213 3 Nov. 1994, p. 25)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 26 October 1994. "Parliament Votes to Criminalize Homosexuality." (FBIS-EEU-94-210 31 Oct. 1994, p. 34)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 12 May 1994. "Melescanu on Importance of Rights Documents." (FBIS-EEU-94-097 19 May 1994, p. 22)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 26-27 March 1994. "Official Defends Government on Minority Rights." (FBIS-EEU-94-063 1 Apr. 1994, pp. 22-23)

Adevarul [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 4 February 1994. "Former Interior Minister Released for Treatment." (FBIS-EEU-94-026 8 Feb., p. 19)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 19 January 1995. Françoise Michel. "Les victimes du SIDA commencent à se mobiliser en Roumanie." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 19 August 1994. Françoise Michel. "Ultra-Nationalist Cabinet Posts Spark Fears of Ethnic Unrest." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 1 August 1994. "Romanian Strikes Bring Out 64,000 Miners: Union." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 13 June 1994. Patrice Burchkalter. "Election d'un successeur au grand rabbin Moses Rosen à la tête de la communauté juive de Roumanie." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 8 June 1994. Hélène Despic-Popovic. "La loi sur l'éducation, cheval de bataille de la minorité hongroise en Roumanie." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 7 May 1994. Khaled Haidar. "Moses Rosen: l'Artisan du départ des Juifs roumains vers Israël." (NEXIS)

Amnesty International (AI). 20 July 1994. Romania: "Public Scandal" Ruling Threatens the Rights of Homosexuals. (AI Index: EUR 39/WU 02/94). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). March 1994. Romania: Criminal Law Reform on the Wrong Track. (AI Index: EUR 39/01/94). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). 11 November 1993. Urgent Action: Romania: The Roma Community of Hadareni. (AI Index: EUR 39/14/93). London: Amnesty International.

Antisemitism World Report 1994. 1994. London: Institute of Jewish Affairs.

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 3 December 1994. "Hungarians in East Transylvania Complain About Intimidation by Romanian Army." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 5 November 1994. "Council of Europe to Send Human Rights Rapporteurs Back to Romania." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 8 October 1994. "Internal Affairs: Parliament Adopts Decision on Ways to Fight Corruption." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 30 September 1994. "Internal Affairs: Parliament Discusses Corruption Report; Opposition Says There Are Two Versions." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 22 September 1994. "Relations with Hungary and Hungarian Minority; Romanian Youths Attack Ethnic Hungarians at a Ball." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 14 September 1994. "Minorities: HDUR Collects Signatures in Protest Against Romanian Education Law." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 11 August 1994. "Hungarian Minority: HDUR Aiming at Autonomy Linked to Romanian-Hungarian Treaty." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 25 July 1994. "Hungarian Minority: Matthias Statue at Cluj Must Not Be Touched, But Dig Can Go Ahead." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 18 July 1994. "Hungarian Minority: Iliescu Condemns HDUR Call for Civil Disobedience." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 4 July 1994. "Political Affairs: Research Workers' Union Stages Protest Rally in Bucharest." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 1 July 1994. "Hungarian Minority: HDUR to Complain to European Bodies over "Discriminatory Bill." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 24 June 1994. "Hungarians Stage Demonstration in Cluj Over Statue Affair." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 7 June 1994. "Further Details of Foreign Ministry Memorandum to Council of Europe." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 4 April 1994a. "Three Ethnic Hungarians Remain in Prison Despite Presidential Amnesty." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 4 April 1994b. "War Veterans Bill Discriminates Against Hungarians, not Ex-SS." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 28 March 1994. "Government Dismisses Opposition Mayor of Bucharest District, 14 Others." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 19 March 1994. "Inauguration of Ethnic Relations Course for Experts on Minorities." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 8 March 1994. "Hungarian Radio: RNUP Leader Says 1848 Anniversary is Anti-Romanian." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 5 March 1994. "Toekes Says 15th March Celebrations of Kossuth Anniversary Not Against Anyone." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 28 January 1994. "Gypsy Demonstration Against Laszlo Toekes Banned by Local Police." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 25 January 1994. "Hungarians' Organization Rejects Gypsy Claims Against Bishop Toekes." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 18 December 1993. "Rally in Bucharest to Commemorate Martyrs of 1989." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 23 October 1993. "Hungarian Radio: Gypsies Demand Action Against Anti-Gypsy Demonstrations." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 4 October 1993. "Hungarian Radio: Government Parties Dismiss Minority Clauses as Not Obligatory." (NEXIS)

Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (US Helsinki Commission). June 1994. Human Rights and Democratization in Romania. Washington, DC: US Helsinki Commission.

Council of Europe. September 1993. Report on the Application by Romania for Membership of the Council of Europe, Amendments 1-9. (Doc. 6901). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Council of Europe. 20 September 1993. Opinion on the Application by Romania for Membership of the Council of Europe. (1403-16/9/93-1-E Doc. 6918). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Council of Europe. 19 July 1993. Report on the Application by Romania for Membership of the Council of Europe. (Doc. 6901). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook 1994. 1994. Vol. 2. Edited by Thomas F. Bowen and Kelley S. Bowen. Detroit: Gale Research.

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993. 1994. United States Department of State. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

Curierul National [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 31 December 1994. "Paper Examines Tokes Securitate Activities." (FBIS-EEU-95-003 5 Jan. 1995, p. 19)

Curierul National [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 30 March 1994. "Magureanu Denies Wrondoing, Defends SRI." (FBIS-EEU-94-064 4 Apr. 1994, pp. 17-18)

Le Devoir [Montréal]. 5 May 1994. "Sur les traces de Ceausescu."

Le Devoir [Montréal]. 17 February 1994. "Les Tziganes de Roumanie affûtent leurs couteaux."

Le Devoir [Montréal]. 5 January 1994. "Liberté pour Vlad."

Le Devoir [Montréal]. 1 December 1993. "Manifestation nationaliste en Transylvanie."

Dimineata [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 12 October 1993. "Army Investigations Direcorate to Incorporate SIE." (FBIS-EEU-93-200 19 Oct. 1993, p. 21)

Docket [Washington]. June 1994. Vol. 9, No. 1. "Romania Mulls Harsh State Secrets Law."

Documentation-Réfugiés [Paris]. 10-23 May 1994. No. 242. "Revue de Presse: Roumanie."

Documentation-Réfugiés [Paris]. 15-28 February 1994. No. 236. "Revue de Presse: Roumanie."

Documentation-Réfugiés [Paris]. 4-17 January 1994. No. 233. "Revue de Presse: Roumanie."

Documentation-Réfugiés [Paris]. 7-20 December 1993. No. 231. "Revue de Presse: Roumanie."

Documentation-Réfugiés [Paris]. 23 November-6 December 1993. No. 230. "Revue de Presse: Roumanie."

Duna TV [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 23 January 1995. "HDUR Body Issues Statement Following 'Attacks.'" (FBIS-EEU-95-015 24 Jan. 1995, p. 46)

Duna TV [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 3 December 1994. "More on Alleged Plans Against Hungarian Activists." (FBIS-EEU-94-233 5 Dec. 1994, p. 30)

The Economist [London]. 4-10 February 1995. "Situations Vacant."

Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). 1993. Country Report: Romania Bulgaria Albania 4th Quarter 1993. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit.

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 9 January 1995. "Article Summarizes 'Scandal' Splitting UDMR." (FBIS-EEU-95-009 13 Jan. 1995, pp. 25-26)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 20 December 1994. "Planned Eviction of Hungarians Said 'Abusive.'" (FBIS-EEU-94-248 27 Dec. 1994, pp. 38-39)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 10 December 1994. "Newspaper Views 'Importance' of Resita Protest." (FBIS-EEU-94-240 14 Dec. 1994, pp. 32-33)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 25 November 1994a. "Intelligence Service Officers Brief Media." (FBIS-EEU-94-232 2 Dec. 1994, pp. 22-23)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 25 November 1994b. "SRI Head Magureanu Makes Report to Parliament." (FBIS-EEU-94-231 1 Dec. 1994, pp. 38-39)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 19 November 1994. "Dangers of Terrorist Groups Cited." (FBIS-EEU-94-228 28 Nov. 1994, pp. 36-39)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 27 April 1994. "Police Inspectorate Sets Up Intelligence Group." (FBIS-EEU-94-086 4 May 1994, p. 31)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 19 April 1994. "Ethnic Hungarian Involved in 1989 Violence Free." (FBIS-EEU-94-080 26 Apr. 1994, p. 31)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 6 April 1994. "Pardon for Three Hungarians Overruled." (FBIS-EEU-94-070 12 Apr. 1994, p. 26)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 26 March 1994. "New SRI Counterintelligence Chief Appointed." (FBIS-EEU-94-064 4 Apr. 1994, p. 16)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 12 March 1994. "Head of SRI Counterespionage Deposed." (FBIS-EEU-94-049 14 Mar. 1994, p. 36)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 21 February 1994. "SRI Director Replacing County Chiefs."(FBIS-EEU-94-037 24 Feb. 1994, p. 27)

Evenimentul Zilei [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 6 January 1994. "PUNR's Brahas to Head BUN Alliance." (FBIS-EEU-94-008 12 Jan. 1994, p. 32)

Financial Times [London]. 13 May 1994. Virginia Marsh. "Romanian Human Rights Move." (NEXIS)

Financial Times [London]. 30 March 1994. Virginia Marsh. "Ceausescu Spies Keep Jobs." (NEXIS)

Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS). 25 May 1994. "Reaction to Death of Chief Rabbi Rosen Noted." (FBIS-EEU-94-101 25 May 1994, pp. 26-27)

The Guardian [London]. 7 January 1994. Henriette Schroder. "Ghost Busted; Romanians Lived in Terror of Securitate. Is It Over Yet?" (NEXIS)

Human Rights Watch (HRW). 1994. Human Rights Watch World Report 1995. New York: Human Rights Watch.

Human Rights Watch/Helsinki [New York]. November 1994. Vol. 6, No. 17. "Lynch Law: Violence Against Roma in Romania."

Human Rights Watch/Helsinki [New York]. June 1994. Vol. 6, No. 10. "Romania: Restrictions on Freedom of the Press in Romania."

Index on Censorship [London]. November-December 1994. Vol. 23, No. 6. "Romania."

Index on Censorship [London]. September-October 1994. Vol. 23, No. 4-5. "Romania."

Index on Censorship [London]. May-June 1994. Vol. 23, No. 1-2. "Romania."

International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) [San Francisco]. 7 February 1994. "Romania Keeps Anti-Gay Laws - Fails to Satisfy Human Rights Groups."

International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Bulletin [Brussels]. July-August-September 1994. Vol. 3/94. "Romania-Update."

International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Bulletin [Brussels]. February-March 1994. Vol. 1/94 "From Bad to Worse in Romania."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. December 1994. Vol. 40, No. 12. "In Brief: Romania."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. November 1994. Vol. 40, No. 11. "Romania: Amendments to Criminal Code."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. August 1994. Vol. 40, No. 8. "Romania: Call for 'Special Status' for Hungarians."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. July 1994a. Vol. 40, No. 7. "Romania: Ethnic Unrest."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. July 1994b. Vol. 40, No. 7. "Romania: Intelligence Service Report."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. June 1994a. Vol. 40, No. 6. "Romania: Ban on Communist Party."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. June 1994b. Vol. 40, No. 6. "Romania: End to Strike."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. May 1994. Vol. 40, No. 5. "Romania: Re-establishment of Communist Party."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. March 1994a. Vol. 40, No. 3. "Romania: Pardon for Communist Former Leaders - General Strike."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. March 1994b. Vol. 40, No. 3. "Romania: Purge of Local Leaders."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. February 1994a. Vol. 40, No. 2. "Romania: Anti-Defamation Bill."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. February 1994b. Vol. 40, No. 2. "Romania: Instability of Minority Government-Attempts to Form Coalition."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. February 1994c. Vol. 40, No. 2. "Romania: Strike Action."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. January 1994. Vol. 40, No. 1. "Romania: Controversy over Rule by Decree."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. November 1993. Vol. 39, No. 11. "Romania: Pro-Reform Demonstrations."

Kossuth Radio [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 2 February 1995. "Tokes to 'Step Aside' Until Disputes Settled." (FBIS-EEU-95-022 2 Feb. 1995, p. 23)

Kossuth Radio [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 25 January 1995. "Justice Minister Refuses to Resign Over Position." (FBIS-EEU-95-018 27 Jan. 1995, p. 20)

Kossuth Radio [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 20 January 1995. "Government Urges Hungarian Council be Dissolved." (FBIS-EEU-95-014 23 Jan. 1995, p. 37)

Kossuth Radio [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 7 January 1995. "Minority Self-Governments to be Created." (FBIS-EEU-95-005 9 Jan. 1995, pp. 35-36)

Kossuth Radio [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 14 December 1994. "Industrial Unrest Said Spreading Through Romania." (FBIS-EEU-94-240 14 Dec. 1994, p. 34)

Kossuth Radio [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 16 November 1994. "County Hungarian Union Leader Ordered Arrested." (FBIS-EEU-94-222 17 Nov. 1994, pp. 33-34)

Kossuth Radio [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 10 November 1994. "Ethnic Hungarians Protest New Slander Law." (FBIS-EEU-94-220 15 Nov. 1994, pp. 31-33)

Kossuth Radio [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 24 October 1994. "Ethnic Hungarian Political Party Splits." (FBIS-EEU-94-206 25 Oct. 1994, p. 26)

Lawyers Committee for Human Rights (LCHR). July 1994. Critique: Review of the U.S. Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993. New York: LCHR.

Libération [Paris]. 9 November 1994. "Roumanie: Environ 200 étudiants ..."

Libération [Paris]. 9 December 1993. "Bucarest: manifestation contre le gouvernement."

Libération [Paris]. 19 November 1993. "Roumanie: quelque 50000 ouvriers ont protesté ..."

Libertatea [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 6 January 1995. "Paper Shortage Interpreted as Subtle Censorship." (FBIS-EEU-95-009 13 Jan. 1995, p. 27)

Los Angeles Times. 9 November 1993. Carol J. Williams. "Media: Next Step: Big Eurobrother?" (NEXIS)

Magyar Nemzet [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 22 December 1994. "Minister Denies 'Militarization' of Szeklerland." (FBIS-EEU-94-248 27 Dec. 1994, p. 38)

Le Monde [Paris]. 5 August 1994. Chatelot Christophe. "Roumanie: Le gouvernement a du mal à enrayer le mouvement de grève des mineurs." (NEXIS)

MTI Econews [Budapest]. 16 March 1994. "Foreign Ministry State Secretary on His Trip to Romania." (NEXIS)

Nepszabadsag [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 23 June 1994. "Police Remove, Destroy Bilingual Signs in Mures." (FBIS-EEU-94-122 24 June 1994, p. 23)

Nepszava [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 7 January 1995. "RMDSZ Chairman on Issues of Toke's Past." (FBIS-EEU-95-008 12 January 1995, pp. 20-21)

Nepszava [Budapest, in Hungarian]. 22 June 1994. "Tension Escalates in Cluj Over Excavations." (FBIS-EEU-94-122 24 June 1994, p. 22)

The New York Times. 7 December 1993. Late Edition-Final. Andrei Codrescu. "Fascism on a Pedestal." (NEXIS)

The New York Times. 30 November 1993. Late Edition-Final. Jane Perlez. "Bucharest Journal; A Suitably Opaque Talk with Romania's Top Spy." (NEXIS)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 15 February 1995. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 33, Part 2. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Opposition Protests Dismissal of Mayors." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 10 February 1995a. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 30, Part 2. Michael Shafir. "... And Miners Threaten Unrest." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 10 February 1995b. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 30, Part 2. Michael Shafir. "Workers Strike Again in Resita." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 8 February 1995a. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 28, Part 2. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Coalition Tries to Resolve Internal Row." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 8 February 1995b. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 28, Part 2. Michael Shafir. "Romanian-Hungarian Talks on Bilateral Treaty Resume." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 26 January 1995. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 19, Part 2. Michael Shafir and Edith Oltay. "... And Angers Coalition Partner." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 25 January 1995. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, , No. 18, Part 2. Michael Shafir and Edith Oltay. "Romanian-Hungarian Relations Expected to Cool Off." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 24 January 1995. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 17, Part 2. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Government Dismisses Mayors." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 23 January 1995. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 16, Part 2. Michael Shafir. "Romania's Ruling Coalition Embraces Extremists." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 18 January 1995. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 13. Part 2. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Workers Resume Protests." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 17 January 1995. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 12. Part 2. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Child with AIDS Sues Health Ministry." (Internet mailing list)

Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). 10 January 1995. OMRI Daily Digest [Prague]. Vol. 1, No. 7. Michael Shafir. "Anti-Gypsy Violence in Romania." (Internet mailing list)

Press Association Newsfile [London]. 10 August 1994. "Romanian Hungarians Stir Row with Autonomy Claim." (NEXIS)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 19 December 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 238. Michael Shafir. "Timisoara Marks Revolution Anniversary." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 16 December 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 237. Dan Ionescu. "More Strikes in Romania." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 6 December 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 229. Michael Shafir. "HDFR Protests 'Militarization' of Szekler Region." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 15 November 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 217. Dan Ionescu. "Another Antonescu Monument in Romania." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 11 November 1994a. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 215. Michael Shafir. "Hungarian Minority Protests Romanian Penal Code." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 11 November 1994b. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 215. Michael Shafir. "Organized Crime in Romania." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 9 November 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 215. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Patriarch on Homosexuality." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 27 October 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 205. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Chamber of Deputies Keeps Homosexual Ban." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 26 October 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 204. Dan Ionescu. "Liberation of Northern Transylvania Commemorated." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 20 October 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 200. Michael Shafir. "Military Tribunal Acquits Romanian Officers." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 19 October 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 199. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Parliament Debates New Penal Code." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 29 September 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 186. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Parliament Begins Debate on Corruption." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 22 September 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 181. Dan Ionescu. "Romanians Protest Over Communist Leaders' Release." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 20 September 1994. RFE/RL Daily Report [Munich]. No. 179. Dan Ionescu. "Romania's Hungarians Want Full Tuition in Mother Tongue." (Internet mailing list)

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 19 August 1994. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 32. Michael Shafir. "Ethnic Tension Runs High in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 16-19 August 1994. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 33. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Nationalist Leader Attacks CSCE Envoy."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 29 July 1994. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 30. Dan Ionescu. "UM 0215: A Controversial Intelligence Service in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 8 July 1994. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 27. Dan Ionescu. "Personnel Changes in the Romanian Intelligence Service."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 5-8 July 1994. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 28. Dan Ionescu and Judith Pataki. "Ethnic Hungarians Protest in Cluj."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 27 June-1 July 1994a. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 37. Louisa Vinton. "Ethnic Hungarians Protest in Cluj."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 27 June-1 July 1994b. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 27. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Intelligence Service on 1989 Events."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 20-24 June 1994. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 26. Dan Ionescu. "Iliescu Promulgates Law on Radio, TV."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 30 May-3 June 1994. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 23. Michael Shafir. "Romania's Coal Miners Set up Unified Structure."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 24-27 May 1994a. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 22. Michael Shafir. "Ethnic Hungarians Protest Antonescu Statue."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 24-27 May 1994b. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 22. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Policemen Sentenced in Landmark Case."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 22 April 1994. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 16. Michael Shafir. "Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 1 April 1994. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 13. Dan Ionescu and Michael Shafir. "Romanian Government Reorganized."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 21-25 March 1994. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 13. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Bill Excludes Many Transylvanian Hungarians."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 18 March 1994. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 11. Tom Gallagher. "The Rise of the Party of Romanian National Unity."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 28 February-4 March 1994a. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 10. Michael Shafir. "New Radio-Television Bill Partially Passed by Romanian Parliament."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 28 February-4 March 1994b. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 10. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Strikes."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 21-25 February 1994. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 8. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Miners Stop Strike."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 14-18 February 1994a. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 8. Dan Ionescu. "Labor Unrest in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 14-18 February 1994b. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 8. Dan Ionescu. "Strikes in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 14-18 February 1994c. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 8. Dan Ionescu. "Workers' Protests in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 7-11 February 1994. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 7. Dan Ionescu. "Strikes in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 24-28 January 1994a. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 5. Michael Shafir. "Chief Rabbi Warns Against Anti-Semitic Tide in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 24-28 January 1994b. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 5. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Miners on Strike."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 7 January 1994. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 1. Michael Shafir and Dan Ionescu. "Romania: A Crucially Uneventful Year."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 11-24 December 1993a. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 2. Dan Ionescu. "More Protests in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 11-24 December 1993b. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 3, No. 2. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Senate Votes on Informers."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 6-10 December 1993. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 2, No. 50. Dan Ionescu. "Demonstrations in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 15-19 November 1993. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 2, No. 47. Michael Shafir. "Hungarian Party Proposes New Law on National Minorities in Romania."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 8-12 November 1993a. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 2, No. 46. Michael Shafir. "Romanian Chief Rabbi Demands Steps Against Anti-Semitism."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 8-12 November 1993b. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 2, No. 46. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Official Allows Sale of Hitler's Book."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 5 November 1993. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 2, No. 44. Dan Ionescu. "Romania Admitted to the Council of Europe."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 20-24 September 1993. RFE/RL News Briefs [Munich]. Vol. 2, No. 39. Dan Ionescu. "Romanian Cabinet Wants Bilingual Signs Legalized."

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) Research Institute. 30 October 1992. RFE/RL Research Report [Munich]. Vol. 1, No. 43. Michael Shafir. "Romania's Elections: Why the Democratic Convention Lost."

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 7 January 1995 (sic). "'Serious' Harghita County Cases to be Examined." (FBIS-EEU-95-026 8 Feb. 1995, p. 25)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 30 January 1995. "President Notes 'Political Irresponsibility.'" (FBIS-EEU-95-020 31 Jan. 1995, p. 26)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 25 January 1995a. "PDSR Communique Criticizes PUNR Communique." (FBIS-EEU-95-018 27 Jan. 1995, pp. 19-20)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 25 January 1995b. "PUNR Calls for Anti-UDMR Measures." (FBIS-EEU-95-018 27 Jan. 1995, p. 19)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 20 January 1995. "Funar Approves Protocol, Warns of Extremism." (FBIS-EEU-95-014 23 Jan. 1995, pp. 38-39)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 18 January 1995. "Covasna Leaders Reject Criticism of Council." (FBIS-EEU-95-012 19 Jan. 1995, p. 26)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 16 January 1995. "Spokesman Terms UDMR Plans 'Antidemocratic.'" (FBIS-EEU-95-010 17 Jan. 1995, p. 29)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 14 December 1994. "Union Leaders Declare Resita Conflict 'Closed'" (FBIS-EEU-94-240 14 Dec. 1994, p. 33)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 10 December 1994. "Resita Rally Continues; Vacaroiu Promises Visit." (FBIS-EEU-94-238 12 Dec. 1994, p. 29)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 9 December 1994. "Unions Issue Threat." (FBIS-EEU-94-238 12 Dec. 1994, p. 30)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 7 December 1994. "Rally to Resume, Government Issues Statement." (FBIS-EEU-94-236 8 Dec. 1994, p. 35)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 2 December 1994. "SRI Denies Planning to Murder Ethnic Hungarian." (FBIS-EEU-94-233 5 Dec. 1994, pp. 29-30)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 22 November 1994. "Government Steps to Resolve Newsprint Shortage." (FBIS-EEU-94-227 25 Nov. 1994, p. 18)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 15 November 1994. "Rompres Says Press Facing Paper Shortage." (FBIS-EEU-94-221 16 Nov. 1994, pp. 27-28)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 18 August 1994. "Prime Minister Vacaroiu Reshuffles Cabinet." (FBIS-EEU-94-161 19 Aug. 1994, p. 21)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 5 August 1994. "Coal Miners End Strike." (FBIS-EEU-94-152 8 Aug. 1994, p. 27)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 2 August 1994. "Police Warn Against Violence Over Cluj Dig." (FBIS-EEU-94-148 2 Aug. 1994, p. 43)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 12 July 1994. "UDMR Considers 'Civil Disobedience' Campaign." (FBIS-EEU-94-138 19 July 1994, p. 24)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 8 July 1994. "Ministry Orders Halt to Excavations." (FBIS-EEU-94-131 8 July 1994, p. 27)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 16 June 1994. "'Satisfactory' Agreement Reached." (FBIS-EEU-94-117 17 June 1994, pp. 37-38)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 14 June 1994. "Trade Unions Demonstrate in Bucharest." (FBIS-EEU-94-115 15 June 1994, pp. 22-23)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 17 May 1994. "Court Repeals 'Unconstitutional' Law Articles." (FBIS-EEU-94-096 18 May 1994, pp. 26-27)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 31 March 1994. "Timofte, Roman View Intelligence Unit's Work." (FBIS-EEU-94-063 1 Apr. 1994, pp. 23-24)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 25 March 1994a. "Decree Lists 24 Persons Pardoned." (FBIS-EEU-94-059 28 Mar. 1994, p. 24)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 25 March 1994b. "Iliescu Pardons Communists, Ethnic Hungarians." (FBIS-EEU-94-059 28 Mar. 1994, p. 24)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 15 March 1994. "Hungarian Day Celebrations Reported." (FBIS-EEU-94-052 17 Mar. 1994, p. 15)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 9 March 1994. "Senate Rejects UDMR Amendment of Police Bill." (FBIS-EEU-94-048 11 Mar. 1994, p. 23)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 28 February 1994. "'Some 580,000' Union Members on Strike." (FBIS-EEU-94-040 1 Mar. 1994, p. 21)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 16 February 1994. "Police Injured in Clashes with Striking Miners." (FBIS-EEU-94-033 17 Feb. 1994, p. 26)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 27 January 1994. "Andruta Ceausescu to be Released." (FBIS-EEU-94-018 28 Jan. 1994, p. 13)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 26 January 1994. "Miners Strike Grows; 65,000 Stop Work." (FBIS-EEU-94-018 27 Jan. 1994, p. 33)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 12 January 1994. "Iliescu Promulgates Government Ordinances Bill." (FBIS-EEU-94-009 13 Jan. 1994, p. 18)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 11 January 1994. "Dumitru Popa Appointed Head of TV Company." (FBIS-EEU-94-008 12 Jan. 1994, p. 32)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 21 December 1993. "Students' Rally Marks 1989 Revolution Anniversary." (FBIS-EEU-93-244 22 Dec. 1993, p. 34)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 16 December 1993. "Police Deny Incidents at Timosoara Rally." (FBIS-EEU-93-241 17 Dec. 1993, p. 20)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 8 December 1993. "Student Group Protests Violence." (FBIS-EEU-93-235 9 Dec. 1993, p. 18)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 2 December 1993. "PD-FSN Calls for National Reconciliation." (FBIS-EEU-93-231 3 Dec. 1993, p. 33)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 1 December 1993. "CDR Organizes National Day Rally." (FBIS-EEU-93-230 2 Dec. 1993, p. 28)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 29 November 1993. "Bucharest Rally Ends." (FBIS-EEU-93-228 30 Nov. 1993, p. 38)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 13 November 1993. "Minorities Law Discussed." (FBIS-EEU-93-218 15 Nov. 1993, p. 22)

Radio Romania [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 12 October 1993. "Parliament Appoints Magureanu as SRI Director." (FBIS-EEU-93-196 13 Oct. 1993, p. 22)

Reuters. 9 January 1995. BC Cycle. "Romanians Set Fire to Gypsy Homes in Ethnic Clash." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 23 November 1994. BC Cycle. "Romanian Arrested for Selling his Daughter." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 7 November 1994. BC Cycle. "Romanian Church Head Condemns Milder Gay Sex Law." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 21 September 1994. BC Cycle. "Romania's Communists Look to Revivial." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 20 September 1994. BC Cycle. "Romania's Hungarians Seek More Education Rights." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 25 August 1994. BC Cycle. Philippa Fletcher. "Romanian Police Arrest Owner of Pyramid Scheme." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 8 July 1994. BC Cycle. Peter Humphrey. "Political Labor and Ethnic Unrest in Romania." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 14 June 1994. BC Cycle. "Romanians Launch Marathon Anti-Government Protest." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 3 June 1994. BC Cycle. Peter Humphrey. "Romanian Court Tries Gruesome 1989 Massacre Case." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 31 May 1994. BC Cycle. "Romanians Torch Gypsy Homes in Ethnic Clash." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 30 May 1994. BC Cycle. "Romanian Miners' Unions Merge to Fight Closures." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 26 May 1994. BC Cycle. "Romania Issues New Passports to Beat Forgers." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 19 May 1994. BC Cycle. Roxana Dascula. "Council of Europe Report Slaps Romania on Rights." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 6 May 1994. BC Cycle. Peter Humphrey. "Rabbi Who Managed Romanian Jewish Exodus Dies." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 3 May 1994. BC Cycle. "Romanian Miners Protest Against Economic Chaos." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 28 March 1994a. BC Cycle. Peter Humphrey. "Iliescu Pardon Delights Romania's Communists." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 28 March 1994b. BC Cycle. "Romania's Hungarians Complain to Rights Watchdog." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 21 February 1994a. BC Cycle. Adrian Dascalu. "Romania Bans Miners' Strike." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 21 February 1994b. BC Cycle. "Romanian Reporter Who Mocked Iliescu Freed on Bail." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 16 February 1994. BC Cycle. Peter Humphrey. "Romanian Police Protect Managers in Mine Strike." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 3 February 1994. BC Cycle. "Romanian Senate Amends Homosexual Ban." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 30 December 1993. BC Cycle. "Romania's Opposition Say New Law Unconstitutional." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 21 December 1993a. BC Cycle. Adrian Dascalu. "Bitterness Marks Anniversary of Romania's 1989 Anniversary." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 21 December 1993b. BC Cycle. "Romanian Officers Charged Over 1989 Massacre." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 15 December 1993. BC Cycle. "Romanians Stage Anti-Russian Protests." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 14 December 1993. BC Cycle. "Romanian Senate Backs Plan to Unmask Informers." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 10 December 1993. BC Cycle. Adrian Dascalu. "Thousands of Romanians Join Anti-Russian Protests." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 30 November 1993. BC Cycle. Adrian Dascalu. "30,000 Romanians Cheer New Statue to Transylvanian Hero." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 25 October 1993. BC Cycle. Adrian Dascalu. "Romanian Gypsies Fall Victim to Race Attacks." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 15 October 1993. BC Cycle. "Romanian Group Plans Violent Anti-Gypsy Campaign." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 14 October 1993. BC Cycle. "Corrupt Romanian Parliamentarians to Lose Immunity." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 7 October 1993. BC Cycle. "Romania's Spy Chief Proposed for Second Term." (NEXIS)

Romania Libera [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 19 January 1995. "Deputies' Control of Secret Services Advocated." (FBIS-EEU-95-016 25 Jan. 1995, p. 23)

Romania Libera [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 6 September 1994. "Article Criticizes Anti-Corruption Report." (FBIS-EEU-94-175 9 Sept. 1994, 34)

Romania Libera [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 31 August 1994. "Anti-Corruption Secret Service Planned." (FBIS-EEU-94-179 15 Sept. 1994, p. 36)

Romania Libera [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 8 July 1994. "Official Views Panel Report on SRI Activity." (FBIS-EEU-94-136 15 July 1994, pp. 25-26)

Romania Libera [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 2 February 1994. "UDMR Deputy Claims Home Looted, Ransacked." (FBIS-EEU-94-025 7 Feb. 1994, p. 24)

Romania Libera [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 28 January 1994. "Timisoara Citizens Protest Iliescu's Visit." (FBIS-EEU-94-021 1 Feb. 1994, p. 30)

Romania Libera [Bucharest, in Romanian]. 17 March 1993 [sic]. "Interior Ministry Surveillance Activity Viewed." (FBIS-EEU-94-057 24 Mar. 1994, p. 28)

Romaniai Magyar Szo [Bucharest, in Hungarian]. 11 January 1995. "Marko Outlines UDMR's 'Autonomy Program." (FBIS-EEU-95-025 7 Feb. 1995, pp. 29-32)

Romaniai Magyar Szo [Bucharest, in Hungarian]. 15-16 October 1994. "Ethnic Hungarians Complain About Treatment." (FBIS-EEU-94-202 19 Oct. 1994, pp. 28-29)

Romanian Helsinki Committee (APADOR-CH). 1993. Aspects of the Evolution of Human Rights in Romania and the Reactions of APADOR-CH. Bucharest: APADOR-CH.

Rompres [Bucharest, in English]. 3 December 1993. "PD-FSN Leaders Blamed for Rally Disturbance." (FBIS-EEU-93-232 6 Dec. 1993, p. 33)

Rompres [Bucharest, in English]. 18 November 1993. "Trade Unions Organize Rally, March in Bucharest." (FBIS-EEU-93-222 19 Nov. 1993, p. 27)

Rompres [Bucharest, in English]. 30 September 1993. "Gypsy Leader Accuses Government of Bias." (FBIS-EEU-93-189 1 Oct. 1993, p. 27)

The United Press International (UPI). 6 February 1995. BC Cycle. Vladimir Rodina. "Brother of Romanian Dictator Back in Jail." (NEXIS)

The United Press International (UPI). 10 December 1994. BC Cycle. Vladimir Rodina. "Romanian Strike Enters 5th Day." (NEXIS)

The United Press International (UPI). 1 July 1994. BC Cycle. Vladimir Rodina. "Romanians Stage Street Protest." (NEXIS)

The United Press International (UPI). 29 March 1994. BC Cycle. Vladimir Rodina. "Large-Scale Purge Sweeps Romanian Intelligence Service." (NEXIS)

The United Press International (UPI). 18 March 1994. BC Cycle. Vladimir Rodina. "Romanian Intelligence Service Dismissals Stir Scandal." (NEXIS)

The United Press International (UPI). 25 March 1994. BC Cycle. Vladimir Rodina. "Romanian President Pardons Political Prisoners." (NEXIS)

The United Press International (UPI). 27 January 1994. BC Cycle. "Protestors Stone Romanian President's Car." (NEXIS)

The United Press International (UPI). 20 December 1993. BC Cycle. "Romanian-Russian Relations Reach New Low." (NEXIS)

The United Press International (UPI). 16 December 1993. BC Cycle. "Protests Outside Russian Embassy Infuriate Ambassador." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua General Overseas News Service. 20 January 1995. "Four Major Romanian Parties Sign Political Accord." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua General Overseas News Service. 4 January 1994. "Romanian Opposition Leader's House Torched." (NEXIS)

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