Chronology of Events: August 1994 - February 1995 (Supplement to Chronology of Events: June 1989 - July 1994)

 

MAP

See original

GLOSSARY

ICRC       International Committee of the Red Cross

IRNA      Islamic Republic News Agency

KDPI      Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran

Majlis     Iranian legislative assembly

PMOI     People's Mujaheddin Organization of Iran

For more detailed information on Iranian opposition groups, please consult the August 1993 DIRB Question and Answer Series paper entitled Iran: Political Opposition.

CHRONOLOGY

This paper supplements the January 1995 Iran: Chronology of Events June 1989-July 1994 and should be read in conjunction with that paper. Entries that are cross-referenced to events before August 1994 refer to this previous paper.

1994

August

The "irreversible character" of the fatwa facing Salman Rushdie is reaffirmed by President Hashemi Rafsanjani (Index on Censorship Nov.-Dec. 1994a, 241; HRW Dec. 1994, 270).

1 August

Mahdi Nahvi, accused of responsibility for a 20 June bombing at a shrine in Mashhad, is arrested (IRNA 1 Aug. 1994; Keesing's Aug. 1994c, 40162). Nahvi, who Iranian officials denounce as a People's Mujaheddin Organization of Iran (PMOI) member, dies the following day, allegedly of bullet wounds sustained during a clash with police during his arrest (ibid.; IRNA 2 Aug. 1994). The PMOI denies that Nahvi was a member of their organization (Reuters 13 Aug. 1994).

2 August

Libération reports that two Iranian men have been hanged in the central square of Jolfa. The men were charged with rape and administered 110 lashes prior to their execution (Libération 2 Aug. 1994; AFP 1 Aug. 1994).

3 August

Riots erupt in Qazvin city after the Majlis votes down a bill that proposes to separate Qazvin from the province of Zanjan (Reuters 3 Aug. 1994; AP 4 Aug. 1994). Demonstrators clash with security forces, resulting in damage to public buildings, shops and banks, and reportedly causing four deaths and several casualties (ibid.). The following day, Interior Minister Ali Mohammad Besharate announces that the government will allow the city to split from Zanjan and join Tehran province. This concession addresses Qazvin's demand that it receive a larger share of government monies (ibid.; Reuters 7 Aug. 1994).

Three days later Al-Hayah reports that Iranian Revolutionary Guards arrested some 745 people following the Qazvin riots (Al-Hayah 6 Aug. 1994). Some sources report that at least 30 people were killed and about 400 injured during the disturbances (ibid.; HRW Dec. 1994, 271), while others maintain that at least four people were killed and hundreds were arrested (Middle East Times 15-21 Aug. 1994, 3; Keesing's Aug. 1994a, 40161-62; AFP 5 Aug. 1994). According to Country Reports 1994, security forces arrested 3,000 people in the aftermath of the riots (Country Reports 1994 1995, 1079).

4 August

A leading Kurdish activist, Ghafur Hamza'i, is murdered in Baghdad (AFP 4 Aug. 1994; Keesing's Aug. 1994d, 40162). The Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI) holds "terrorists" of the Islamic regime responsible (AFP 4 Aug. 1994), but the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) infers that the murder may be a result of conflict between the PMOI and the KDPI (IRNA 4 Aug. 1994).

13 August

Bahram Abbaszadeh, accused of planning a bomb attack in a Zahedan mosque (see 6 June 1994 entry), is hanged in Tehran (Reuters 13 Aug. 1994; Keesing's Aug. 1994c, 40162). Abbaszadeh, an alleged PMOI member, is also accused of collaborating with Mahdi Nahvi in the 20 June bombing in Mashhad (ibid.; Reuters 13 Aug. 1994; IRNA 1 Aug. 1994).

14 August

Four senior army officers send a letter to Iranian leaders asking that "urgent measures [be taken] to prevent the country from falling into the claws of crisis and chaos" (Al-Sharq Al-Awsat 18 Aug. 1994; MEI 9 Sept. 1994, 14). The letter states that the army had been reluctant to use force against civilians during the Qazvin riots, and warns the government not to expect the army to do so in the future (ibid.; Keesing's Aug. 1994a, 40162; The Economist 2 Sept. 1994, 34). The officers recommend that Ayatollah Khamenei use the volunteer militia to quell domestic disturbances (ibid.).

19-20 August

Riots and protest marches erupt among sports fans in Tabriz, the capital of Azerbaijan province, after the alleged mistreatment of women at a soccer game by paramilitary volunteer forces (Basij) (MEI 9 Sept. 1994, 14; Voice of Iranian Kordestan 27 Aug. 1994; Keesing's Aug. 1994b, 40162). The women were attacked for "mixing" with men at the game (ibid.; MEI 9 Sept. 1994, 14; HRW Dec. 1994, 271). The Voice of Iranian Kordestan, a clandestine radio station operated by the KDPI, reports that participants in the march chanted "Death to the Regime" and "Death to Khamenei and Hashemi-Rafsanjani" (Voice of Iranian Kordestan 27 Aug. 1994).

25 August

The United Nations Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities issues a statement in Geneva calling on Iran to halt all acts of persecution and oppression of minorities, specifically of Christians, Kurds and Arabs (UPI 25 Aug. 1994; HRW Dec. 1994, 269). The subcommission condemns Iran for its persistent use of "arbitrary and summary executions, arbitrary arrests and imprisonment [and] unexplained disappearances" (ibid.).

1 September

A senior Iranian official announces that two PMOI members have been arrested in northwestern Iran (Xinhua 1 Sept. 1994; AFP 1 Sept. 1994). The PMOI denies the report, stating that the regime, "frustrated by the Mojahedin ... has resorted to ... fabrications" (ibid.).

7 September

Ayatollah Khamenei reiterates his disapproval of the Middle East peace process, declaring that Israel "should disappear" (AFP 7 Sept. 1994).

A spokesman for the government repudiates the charges of torture levied against Iran by German engineer Helmut Szimkus (Reuters 7 Sept. 1994). He reiterates that Szimkus, convicted of being an American and Iraqi spy, had stated in writing that he had "no problem" during his five years in an Iranian prison (ibid.; Moneyclips 8 Sept. 1994). Originally sentenced to death, Szimkus had been pardoned by Iranian authorities in June 1994 (see 14 June 1994 entry).

14 September

Iranian interior minister Ali-Mohammad Besharati states that Afghan refugees residing in Iran with temporary residence permits may have their permits extended by eight months (AFP 15 Sept. 1994; BBC Summary 16 Sept. 1994). The minister further states that Iran regards the decision as an Islamic-humanitarian duty (ibid.). Iran is sheltering over two million Afghan refugees (see 31 Jan. 1994 entry).

17 September

A percussion bomb placed under the car of an Iranian Christian explodes in downtown Tehran (Xinhua 17 Sept. 1994). Although one source reports that no one is injured (ibid.), others state that a schoolboy is killed in the blast (Libération 19 Sept. 1994; Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network 17 Sept. 1994), and another reports one person killed (Keesing's Sept. 1994a, 40206). No one claims responsibility for the bombing (ibid.), but Iranian television reports that a "suspicious individual" was arrested the following day (IRIB Television 18 Sept. 1994).

18 September

AFP reports that a renewed crackdown on Islamic dress code violations has begun (AFP 18 Sept. 1994; see also HRW Dec. 1994, 271). A similar crackdown occurred in June 1993, with over 800 women and men arrested for violations (see 23 June 1993 entry). According to AFP, authorities are clamping down on "'manifestations' of western culture ... especially 'loose dress' for women" (AFP 18 Sept. 1994).

20 September

The Majlis votes in favour of a ban on satellite dishes (Keesing's Sept. 1994c, 40206; Middle East Times 25 Sept.-1 Oct. 1994, 3; Resalat 24 Sept. 1994). Debate on the issue is heated, with several Iranian leaders denouncing the dishes as "conduits of Western 'corruption'" (Reuters 27 July 1994), although some reportedly feel the ban is "short-sighted and unenforceable" (Keesing's Sept. 1994c, 40206).

21 September

In response to the August rioting in the city of Qazvin (see 3 Aug. 1994 entry), the Iranian cabinet approves the separation of Qazvin from Zanjan province (IRIB Television 21 Sept. 1994; Keesing's Sept. 1994b, 40206). Qazvin will become part of Tehran province, a compromise solution as city representatives initially lobbied for creation of a new province with Qazvin as its capital (ibid.).

26 September

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) distributes a memo to UN Security Council members stating that Iranian government allegations about Iranian prisoners of war (POW) being held in Iraq are without basis (INA 28 Sept. 1994). The memo requests that Iran supply information on the circumstances of 13,000-19,000 Iraqi POWs registered with the ICRC, and that Iran allow Red Cross representatives to visit the POW camps (ibid.; Country Reports 1994 1995, 1079). Iran insists that Iraq continues to detain over 15,000 Iranian POWs (IRIB Television 28 Sept. 1994; IRNA 24 Jan. 1995).

October

The Middle East publishes an article that details a recent CIA report alleging that the Iranian government is fully aware of "Iranian inspired" terrorist activities (The Middle East Oct. 1994, 11; Financial Times 19 Oct. 1994). In the report, CIA director James Woolsey states that the Iranian intelligence service "executes terrorist attacks or oversees attacks by its surrogates directed primarily against Iranian emigres who are opposed to the clerical regime in Tehran" (The Middle East Oct. 1994, 11). The report specifically refers to Iranian support of Lebanon's Hizbullah movement (ibid.; Financial Times 19 Oct. 1994).

According to an Iranian government statement, the three Christian ministers murdered in Iran in 1994 (see entries for 24 and 29 June 1994) were killed by the PMOI (Country Reports 1994 1995, 1078; see also Moneyclips 8 Sept. 1994).

Hengameh Amini, daughter of Iranian singer Marzieh, is arrested (AI 2 Nov. 1994; Reuters 2 Nov. 1994b; AFP 3 Nov. 1994). Marzieh, who now lives in Paris and recently joined the opposition group National Council of Resistance, claims her daughter's arrest is related to this development (Reuters 11 Nov. 1994; ibid. 2 Nov. 1994b; AI 2 Nov. 1994; The Middle East Mar. 1995, 42). Amnesty International later reports that Hengameh Amini is released from prison on 7 November 1994 (AI 14 Nov. 1994). On 11 November Amini denies her arrest, stating "there has been no problem" (Reuters 11 Nov. 1994). Amini's mother is reluctant to believe her daughter, however, stating "she was forced to say this.... Someone had definitely been standing next to her" (ibid.).

7 October

President Rafsanjani initiates a clamp-down on "hoarders and profiteers 'not satisfied with reasonable profits'" (Keesing's Oct. 1994, 40254; Xinhua 16 Oct. 1994; International Herald Tribune 21 Nov. 1994). The government is empowered to punish "profiteers," with penalties ranging from fines and flogging to imprisonment and execution (Keesing's Oct. 1994, 40254).

10 October

Despite assurances by the Iranian government that Afghan refugees would be allowed to remain in Iran an additional 8 months (see 14 Sept. 1994 entry), AFP reports that Iran has increased pressure on the refugees to leave the country (AFP 10 Oct. 1994). According to one Afghan diplomat, Iranian police are "systematically confiscating [Afghan refugees'] identity cards and providing them instead with a temporary permit valid for a few weeks" (ibid.). Once the temporary permit expires, the Afghan asylum seeker must leave or be forcibly ejected. According to AFP, these claims were confirmed by UNHCR officials in Tehran (ibid.).

23 October

Retired army General Azizollah Amir-Rahimi, long known for his harsh criticism of the Iranian government, pens a letter calling on Iran's religious clerics to "return to the mosques and theological seminaries" and allow "competent people to assume the government of the nation" (DPA 25 Oct. 1994; Al-Majallah 6 Nov. 1994; The Ottawa Citizen 2 Nov. 1994). The general also calls on the Iranian government to "normalise" relations with the United States (MEI 4 Nov. 1994, 13; ibid. 2 Dec. 1994, 14; Reuters 8 Nov. 1994). Amir-Rahimi, who had written a similar letter in September accusing the regime of "untold atrocities" (The Ottawa Citizen 2 Nov. 1994), was detained by security agents and questioned for several hours following publication of his letter (ibid.; MEI 4 Nov. 1994, 13).

24-25 October

An open letter signed by 134 Iranian writers and intellectuals is sent to the Iranian press and the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance (Index on Censorship Nov.-Dec. 1994a, 241; Le Monde 14 Nov. 1994; The Ottawa Citizen 2 Nov. 1994; AFP 25 Oct. 1994). The writers protest the "censorship and harassment" of domestic authors and urge the creation of an independent trade union to "restore freedom of thought ... [and] fight collectively against censorship" (ibid.; Le Monde 14 Nov. 1994; Index on Censorship Nov.-Dec. 1994b, 63-64; ibid. Nov.-Dec. 1994a, 241). According to Index on Censorship, on 30 October the Tehran Times demands that legal action be taken against the signatories to the letter (ibid.).

Later reports indicate that the letter writers are denounced in the press as prostitutes, homosexuals, drug addicts, perverts and agents of Mossad and the CIA (Index on Censorship Jan.-Feb. 1995, 8; Le Monde 14 Nov. 1994; MEI 2 Dec. 1994, 14; Keesing's Nov. 1994b, 40304). An Iranian cleric warns that Muslims may retaliate against the writers (ibid.;Country Reports 1994 1995, 1080). One source reports that the denunciation of the female writers as "prostitutes" resulted in some of them being sexually assaulted on Tehran streets (MEI 2 Dec. 1994, 14).

29 October

Several mullahs close to Ayatollah Hoseyn Montazeri are arrested (Al-Sharq Al-Awsat 2 Nov. 1994). Montazeri, once groomed as the successor to Ayatollah Khomeini, is known for his vocal disapproval of the Iranian government and leading clerics. The mullahs are accused of "instigating sedition" after circulating copies of a Montazeri letter criticizing the government (ibid.).

30 October

An Iranian government official states that President Rafsanjani is still the best qualified person to lead Iran and hints that the constitution may be amended to allow Rafsanjani to pursue a third term as president (IRNA 30 Oct. 1994; Xinhua 30 Oct. 1994). Rafsanjani, however, rejects any move to amend the constitution to allow his reelection (ibid.; Reuters 27 Dec. 1994).

31 October

Hundreds of Iranian women rally outside the French embassy in Tehran (Xinhua 31 Oct. 1994; Moneyclips 1 Nov. 1994; Reuters 2 Nov. 1994a). The women protest the French government's decision to ban female students from wearing traditional Muslim veils or hijab in French schools (ibid.; Xinhua 31 Oct. 1994; Moneyclips 1 Nov. 1994).

1 November

The Majlis passes a bill permitting law enforcement officers to use arms "during illegal armed rallies, and at ... time[s] of unrest and armed revolts" (Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network 1 Nov. 1994; HRW Dec. 1994, 271). Officers who make use of these new measures will not be subject to criminal or civil prosecution (Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network 1 Nov. 1994; Voice of Iranian Kordestan 13 Jan. 1995).

6 November

Iran launches scud missiles at a PMOI base near Baghdad, Iraq (Voice of Mojahed 6 Nov. 1994; IRNA 6 Nov. 1994; MEI 18 Nov. 1994, 10; AFP 6 Nov. 1994). A PMOI spokesman claims there are no casualties, although some buildings are damaged (ibid.).

7 November

The arrest of General Amir-Rahimi is confirmed (see 23 Oct. 1994 entry) (Keesing's Nov. 1994b, 40304). Government reports state that Amir-Rahimi, arrested on 31 October and again on 3 November (MEI 4 Nov. 1994, 13; Reuters 8 Nov. 1994; AI 11 Nov. 1994), "has been hospitalized in a psychiatric clinic for the treatment of 'neurological problems'" (Keesing's Nov. 1994b, 40304). IRNA, the Islamic republic's official news agency, reports that Amir-Rahimi has been hospitalized to treat an opium addiction (Reuters 8 Nov. 1994; AI 11 Nov. 1994).

The following day Amir-Rahimi's wife reports that her 28-year-old son is missing, fearing that he too has been arrested by Iranian authorities (Reuters 8 Nov. 1994). Amnesty International reports confirm the 8 November arrest of Mehrdad Amir-Rahimi (AI 11 Nov. 1994; AI 28 Nov. 1994a; Country Reports 1994 1995, 1080).

A bomb explodes in southern Tehran, killing two people (Keesing's Nov. 1994a, 40304; BBC Summary 9 Nov. 1994). The PMOI is blamed for the attack (ibid.; Keesing's Nov. 1994a, 40304).

9 November

Iranian military jets bomb KDPI headquarters in northern Iraq (MENA 9 Nov. 1994; INA 9 Nov. 1994; MEI 18 Nov. 1994, 10; Keesing's Nov. 1994a, 40304). Iranian jets also attack PMOI bases, killing at least one person (ibid.; MEI 18 Nov. 1994, 10).

In response to recent Iranian acts of aggression, the Iraqi ambassador submits a letter of protest to the United Nations. According to the Iraqi News Agency (INA), a UN spokesman states that the secretary-general is monitoring the situation and encourages both Iran and Iraq to "exercise maximum self-restraint and abandon such [hostile] actions, which will only escalate tension in the region" (INA 9 Nov. 1994).

12 November

Amnesty International reports that Mohammad Khandjari, a Tehran taxi driver, has been arrested and reportedly beaten by Revolutionary Guards outside his home (AI 17 Nov. 1994). Khandjari was apparently arrested for participating in the Qazvin riots of 3 August (see 3 Aug. 1994 entry), and Amnesty International fears he may be tortured while in prison (ibid.).

14 November

Mohammed Ali Assadi, an alleged monarchist opposition leader, is assassinated in Bucharest, Romania (Country Reports 1994 1995, 1078; Reuters 14 Nov. 1994). A UNHCR spokesman states that in October 1994, Assadi, expressing "fears for his safety in Romania," had applied for asylum through the United Nations (ibid. 15 Nov. 1994; ibid. 16 Nov. 1994). On 17 November Romanian police, claiming Assadi had been involved in "illicit business," announce that he was killed by rival Iranian criminals in Romania (Reuters 17 Nov. 1994). The Iranian embassy in Bucharest also alleges that Assadi was a criminal and that his murder was not political but "a conflict between criminals" (ibid.; ibid. 15 Nov. 1994; BBC Summary 16 Nov. 1994). Iranian opposition groups in London maintain that they have never heard of Mohammed Ali Assadi (Reuters 17 Nov. 1994).

16 November

AFP cites a report in Abrar, an Iranian newspaper, detailing the stoning deaths of three people in northern Iran (16 Nov. 1994). The two men and one woman had allegedly committed kidnapping, murder, rape and adultery (ibid.).

24 November

As part of celebrations to commemorate the birth of Fatima Zahra, the daughter of Muhammad, Ayatollah Khamenei pardons 190 female prisoners (AFP 24 Nov. 1994; IRIB Television 24 Nov. 1994). Although information on the nature of their crimes is not available, the women had been sentenced by Iranian general and revolutionary courts (ibid.).

27 November

Acclaimed writer and poet Ali Akbar Saidi-Sirjani dies in prison, allegedly of a heart attack (Keesing's Nov. 1994b, 40304; Current History Jan. 1995, 45; AI 28 Nov. 1994b; Reuters 28 Nov. 1994). Saidi-Sirjani was arrested in March 1994 and his imprisonment had been the focus of international attention (see 14 Mar. 1994 entry). Four days later over 100 exiled Iranian academics urge the UN to investigate `Sirjani's death (ibid. 1 Dec. 1994). Amnesty International also calls for an investigation into Sirjani's death, noting his family's contention that he had no previous history of heart problems (AI 29 Nov. 1994).

29 November

The "Marja-e-Taghlid" Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Araki, the highest ranking Shia cleric, dies in Tehran (Keesing's Nov. 1994c, 40304; AFP 1 Dec. 1994; Libération 4 Dec. 1994, 16). Debate over the successor to Araki's position begins to escalate (ibid.; AFP 1 Dec. 1994).

December

The all-party British Parliamentary Human Rights Group issues a report on the situation of women and human rights in Iran (WIN News Winter 1995, 62; The Middle East Mar. 1995, 42; The Ottawa Citizen 8 Dec. 1994). The report cites several documented incidents of torture, oppression and executions of women improperly dressed, convicted of adultery or "spreading corruption" (ibid.; WIN News Winter 1995, 62). According to WIN News, the report states that "Iranian women are treated by the regime as subhumans" (ibid.; The Ottawa Citizen 8 Dec. 1994).

3 December

Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is listed as one of seven possible candidates for the position of Marja-e-Taghlid, the "source of religious emulation for Shiites worldwide" (AFP 3 Dec. 1994; IRIB Television 2 Dec. 1994). Khamenei later withdraws his candidacy, leaving the race open to more moderate clerics (Inter Press Service 21 Feb. 1995).

6 December

A French court finds Ali Vakili Rad guilty of murdering former Iranian prime minister Shahpur Bakhtiar (AFP 6 Dec. 1994a; Middle East Times 11-17 Dec. 1994, 3; Keesing's Dec. 1994, 40337). Bakhtiar was prime minister from January to February 1979. Rad, who French prosecutors argued had the backing of the Iranian government, was sentenced to life imprisonment for the August 1991 murder in Paris (see 6 Aug. 1991 entry) (ibid.; Country Reports 1994 1995, 1078). Some sources indicate that Massud Hendi, an alleged accomplice of Rad's, is given a ten-year prison term (AFP 6 Dec. 1994a; Keesing's Dec. 1994, 40337), although Country Reports 1994 indicates that he was sentenced to 18 years (1995, 1078).

Ten people accused of armed robbery, extortion and arms smuggling are executed in southern Iran (Xinhua 6 Dec. 1994; Reuters 6 Dec. 1994; AFP 6 Dec. 1994b).

7 December

A man and a woman are reportedly stoned to death in Ramhormoz, a city in southwestern Iran. The two were accused of having an affair and of murdering the woman's husband (AFP 8 Dec. 1994; Reuters 7 Dec. 1994; Chicago Tribune 7 Dec. 1994).

9 December

A draft resolution on the status of human rights in Iran is delivered to the third committee of the UN General Assembly (IRNA 11 Dec. 1994). The states preparing the resolution are highly critical of Iran's human rights record, particularly its use of torture, executions and discrimination against women and minorities (ibid.; AP 13 Dec. 1994; Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran 4 Dec. 1994; Reuters 13 Dec. 1994). Specific concern is expressed over the continuing threat to the life of Salmon Rushdie and the recent deaths of three Christian ministers (ibid.; AP 13 Dec. 1994). The Iranian press calls the UN findings a "bunch of lies" (Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran 4 Dec. 1994), maintains that the rights of Iranian minorities are admirably protected in the Iranian constitution, and that "the Islamic Republic of Iran strictly observes the principles of tolerance and protection of the rights of religious minorities" (IRNA 1 Dec. 1994; ibid. 26 Dec. 1994).

Prior to release of the draft resolution, Iranian officials, upon learning of the committee's allegations, proclaim Iran's willingness to accept representatives of international human rights groups, provided they are impartial (Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network 4 Dec. 1994). However, UN special representative Reynaldo Galindo Pohl's exclusion from Iran is reaffirmed (see entries for 18 Feb. 1992 and 23 Feb. 1993) (ibid.)

10 December

For the second time this year (see 22 Apr. 1994 entry) a group of foreign and Iranian media officials are granted permission to visit Evin prison (International Herald Tribune 12 Dec. 1994; AFP 10 Dec. 1995; Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network 10 Dec. 1994). A senior state prison official tells the journalists that Iran is pursuing a policy of education and rehabilitation in its prison systems (ibid.; AFP 10 Dec. 1995). The journalists are denied access to areas of the prison where political prisoners are believed held (International Herald Tribune 12 Dec. 1994).

26 December

Iranian theology students protest outside the home of Ayatollah Hoseyn Ali Montazeri, demanding that Montazeri no longer conduct classes in the Shiite Moslem religious school he directs (Reuters 27 Dec. 1994; AFP 26 Dec. 1994). Montazeri, considered a "disgraced religious leader," has long been critical of the Iranian government (see 2 Nov. 1994 entry) (ibid.).

1995

January

A declassified 1991 CIA document alleges Iranian involvement in the 1988 Pan Am Lockerbie bombing. Iranian officials deny the allegation, describing the document as a forgery and part of a propaganda campaign against Iran (Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran 25 Jan. 1995; Mideast Mirror 25 Jan. 1995, 19; Manchester Guardian Weekly 29 Jan. 1995, 1). A British official also denies Iranian involvement in the incident, describing the CIA report as dated "dud intelligence," and stating that "it clearly doesn't represent evidence" (Xinhua 24 Jan. 1995).

8 January

Sweden's Sveriges Radio Network reports that Abdolrahim Gavahi, the Iranian ambassador to Norway, has been recalled to Tehran after hinting that the Iranian government may remove the fatwa against Salmon Rushdie (Sveriges Radio Network 8 Jan. 1995; AFP 18 Jan. 1995). Norway reacts by recalling its own ambassador two weeks later (ibid.). Less than one month later Iranian deputy foreign minister Mahmoud Vaezi reportedly states that Rushdie must be killed, but senior Iranian government officials indicate that Iran would not be actively pursuing Rushdie (Reuters 9 Feb. 1995).

11 January

The Council of Guardians declares unconstitutional the law banning the import and distribution of satellite dishes (see 20 Sept. 1994 entry) (Libération 12 Jan. 1995, 16; Country Reports 1994 1995, 1080), which the Majlis had passed in late December 1994 (Current History Feb. 1995, 93; The Times 3 Jan. 1995; Middle East Times 8-14 Jan. 1995, p. 5). However, on 29 January Majlis deputies approve all of the amendments requested by the council (Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network 29 Jan. 1995). The Council of Guardians is comprised of 6 clergymen and 6 laymen who verify that all laws passed by the Majlis conform to the constitution and Islamic law (Country Reports 1994 1995, 1081).

14 January

A report from Baku, Azerbaijan contends that for the past 20 days, roads in Tabriz city, the capital of Azerbaijani Iran, have been patrolled by armed Iranian gunmen (Turan 14 Jan. 1995). The patrols reportedly search all vehicles and question their occupants between midnight and 6 a.m. The report further suggests that Iranian authorities are trying to "persianize" the Azeri population in Iran by compelling Azeris to find work in Persian-dominated centres (ibid.).

15 January

Ayatollah Khamenei pardons or reduces the sentences of 841 prisoners to commemorate the birth of His Eminence Hojjat Bin Hasan Askari, the 12th Imam (IRIB 15 Jan. 1995; AFP 15 Jan. 1995). Although the nature of their crimes is not released, the prisoners were reportedly convicted by revolutionary, military and general courts (ibid.).

19 January

AFP reports the recent opening of an all-women cancer clinic (AFP 19 Jan. 1995). A new government policy, branded "gender apartheid" by its detractors, seeks to further lessen the social interaction of men and women by creating women-only institutions and services (The Ottawa Citizen 23 Aug. 1994). The Ottawa Citizen cite numerous examples of how women are separated from men in day-to-day life in order to protect them from a "wide range of dangers" (The Ottawa Citizen 23 Aug. 1994; DPA 27 July 1994), including women-only taxis, buses, banks and special shopping hours for women (ibid.; The Ottawa Citizen 23 Aug. 1994).

20 January

A clash among soccer fans escalates into an anti-government demonstration when police enter the stadium to restore order. Fans reportedly chant anti-Islamic regime slogans and set fire to seats in the stadium (Voice of Iranian Kordestan 23 Jan. 1995; DPA 21 Jan. 1995). Later unconfirmed reports indicate that several people were killed and hundreds wounded and arrested during the clash (ibid.; Reuters 21 Jan. 1995; Voice of Iranian Kordestan 5 Feb. 1995). The opposition KDPI expresses concern about the arrests and demands the immediate release of all those detained (ibid.).

22 January

An Iranian television broadcast claims that over 1,500 "addicts" and drug smugglers have been arrested in national anti-narcotics operations in the last week (Voice of the Islamic Republic First Program Network 22 Jan. 1995). Other reports indicate that more than 50,000 drug traffickers have been arrested in recent months (Xinhua 22 Feb. 1995b; ibid. 5 Mar. 1995; AFP 30 Jan. 1995).

25 January

Al-Sharq Al-Awsat reports that in an open letter to Iranian authorities, Ayatollah Seyyed Sadeq Rowhani has "accused the Iranian government of 'violating the basic principles of Islam'" (Al-Sharq Al-Awsat 25 Jan. 1995). Rowhani, a senior Iranian Ayatollah, protests the storming of private homes, the confiscation of private property, government interference in the selection of a new "source of religious emulation" and the reiteration of fatwas in Ayatollah Khomeini's name (ibid.).

9 February

Ayatollah Khamenei pardons numerous prisoners on the 16th anniversary of the Islamic Revolution in Iran (IRNA 11 Feb. 1995; BBC Summary 11 Feb. 1995). Those pardoned include prisoners convicted of armed robbery, kidnapping, rape and bribery (ibid.).

11 February

A bomb explodes in a mosque in Narmak, east of Tehran, one day after Iran celebrates the 16th anniversary of the Islamic revolution. IRNA reports no injuries, and a suspect was reportedly arrested five hours after the incident (IRNA 12 Feb. 1995; AP 12 Feb. 1995; Xinhua 12 Feb. 1995). No group has claimed responsibility for the blast (Xinhua 12 Feb. 1995).

12 February

Iranian authorities close Jahan-e Islam for violating press laws (AFP 12 Feb. 1995; IRNA 13 Feb. 1995; MEI 17 Feb. 1995, 13; FBIS 13 Feb. 1995). The newspaper, which is owned by a brother of Ayatollah Khomeini, had reportedly been critical of both Islam and the present clerical leadership in Iran (ibid.). AFP reports that the paper recently carried an interview in which former MP 'Ali Akhbar Mohtashami criticized Rafsanjani's pro-market economic reforms (AFP 12 Feb. 1995).

Mid-February

Middle East Times reports that an Iranian journalist is administered 74 lashes and suspended for three years for fabricating news stories. The journalist reportedly confessed to the crime, claiming he wanted to increase sales and circulation figures for his publication (Middle East Times 19-25 Feb. 1995, 3; The Independent 14 Feb. 1995).

20 February

UN representative Reynaldo Galindo Pohl submits his report on the human rights situation in Iran for 1994. Pohl acknowledges Iran's August recognition of the "universal character of human rights," but states that the number of public executions continues to rise and that the sentences handed down by Iranian courts are still incompatible with international norms (AFP 20 Feb. 1995; Reuters 22 Feb. 1995; DPA 20 Feb. 1995). Pohl's report indicates that the rights of prisoners, political dissidents, women and religious and ethnic minorities are particularly susceptible to abuse (ibid.). An Iranian foreign ministry spokesman responds that the report only repeats previous charges (Reuters 22 Feb. 1995), and is "influenced by the allegations of the United States" (Xinhua 22 Feb. 1995a; Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network 22 Feb. 1995).

REFERENCES

Agence France Presse (AFP). 20 February 1995. "UN Criticizes Iran on Human Rights." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 12 February 1995. "Official Suggests Reasons for Ban." (FBIS-NES-95-029 13 Feb. 1995, p. 69)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 30 January 1995. "Iran Arrests 50,000 Drug Traffickers in 11 Months." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 19 January 1995. "Iran's First Women-Only Cancer Treatment Center Opens in Tehran." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 18 January 1995. "Norway Assailed for Recalling Ambassador Bye." (FBIS-NES-95-011 18 Jan. 1995, pp. 62-63)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 15 January 1995. "Iran Grants Amnesty to 841 Prisoners on Religious Feast." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 26 December 1994. "Theology Students Demonstrate Against Montazeri." (FBIS-NES-94-249 28 Dec. 1994, p. 52)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 10 December 1994. "5,119 étrangers detenus dans les prisons en Iran." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 8 December 1994. "Couple Stoned to Death for Murder, Adultery." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 6 December 1994a. "French Imprison Citizen for Life in Bakhtiar Murder." (FBIS-NES-94-235 7 Dec. 1994, p. 39)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 6 December 1994b. "10 Hanged in Iran for Armed Robbery." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 3 December 1994. Laurent Maillard. "Khamenei Set to Emerge as Iran's Top Religious Leader." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 1 December 1994. Kianouche Dorranie. "Iran Mourns Death of Religious Leader." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 24 November 1994. "Iran Pardons 190 Women Prisoners." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 16 November 1994. "Three Stoned to Death in Iran." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 6 November 1994. "MKO Spokesman on 5 November Attack." (FBIS-NES-94-215 7 Nov. 1994, p. 63)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 3 November 1994. "Opposition Calls for Release of Iranian Singer's Daughter." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 25 October 1994. "'Intellectuals' Condemn 'Censorship and Harassment'." (FBIS-NES-94-209 28 Oct. 1994, pp. 55-56)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 10 October 1994. "Pressure on Afghan Refugees Said Increased." (FBIS-NES-94-197 12 Oct. 1994, pp. 85-86)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 18 September 1994. "Iran Steps Up Fight Against 'Loose' Dressing by Women." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 15 September 1994. "Half a Million Afghan Refugees Spared Winter Trek Home." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 7 September 1994. "Khamenei Says Israel Should 'Disappear'." (FBIS-NES-94-174 8 Sept. 1994, pp. 53-54)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 1 September 1994. "Resistance Denies Report of Arrest of Members." (FBIS-NES-94-171 2 Sept. 1994, p. 56)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 5 August 1994. Kianouche Dorranie. "Hundreds Arrested After Riots in Iranian City." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 4 August 1994. "Kurds Accuse Iran in Death of Militant Leader." (FBIS-NES-94-151 5 Aug. 1994, p. 19)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 1 August 1994. "Two Hanged for Rape in Iran." (NEXIS)

Al-Hayah [London, in Arabic]. 6 August 1994. "Opposition Sources Say 37 Killed in Qazvin Clashes." (FBIS-NES-94-153 9 Aug. 1994, p. 68)

Al-Majallah [London, in Arabic]. 6 November 1994. "General Amir Rahimi Calls for Military Uprising." (FBIS-NES-94-223 18 Nov. 1994, pp. 54-55)

Al-Sharq Al-Awsat [London, in Arabic]. 25 January 1995. "Ayatollah Reportedly Says Regime Violates Islamic Principles." (FBIS-NES-95-021 1 Feb. 1995, pp. 60-61)

Al-Sharq Al-Awsat [London, in Arabic]. 2 November 1994. "Pro-Montazeri Mullahs Arrested for 'Sedition'." (FBIS-NES-94-214 4 Nov. 1994, pp. 46-47)

Al-Sharq Al-Awsat [London, in Arabic]. 18 August 1994. "Letter Seen as Part of Anti-Rafsanjani Campaign." (FBIS-NES-94-161 19 Aug. 1994, pp. 42-43)

Amnesty International (AI). 29 November 1994. "Iran: Amnesty International Calls for Investigation into Death of Well-Known Writer." (AI Index: MDE 13/WU 02/94). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). 28 November 1994a. Urgent Action: Iran: Retired General Azizollah Amir Rahimi and Mehrdad Amir Rahimi. (AI Index: MDE 13/14/94). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). 28 November 1994b. Urgent Action: Iran: Ali Akbar Saidi-Sirjani. (AI Index: MDE 13/13/94). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). 17 November 1994. Urgent Action: Iran: Mohammad Khandjari. (AI Index: MDE 13/12/94). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). 14 November 1994. Urgent Action: Iran: Hengameh Amini. (AI Index: MDE 13/11/94). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). 11 November 1994. Urgent Action: Iran: Retired General Azizollah Amir Rahimi and Mehrdad Amir Rahimi. (AI Index: MDE 13/10/94). London: Amnesty International.

Amnesty International (AI). 2 November 1994. Urgent Action: Iran: Hengameh Amini. (AI Index: MDE 13/09/94). London: Amnesty International.

The Associated Press (AP). 12 February 1995. AM Cycle. "Explosion at Mosque Near Tehran Following Anniversary Rally." (NEXIS)

The Associated Press (AP). 13 December 1994. Donald W. Swinton. "U.N. Committee 'Gravely Concerned' About Human Rights in Iran." (NEXIS)

The Associated Press (AP). 4 August 1994. Anwar Faruqi. "Riots Force Tehran Government to Cave in to City's Demands."

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 11 February 1995. "Khamene'i Pardons Certain Prisoners to Celebrate Revolution Anniversary." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 16 November 1994. "Embassy in Bucharest Denies Involvement in Murder." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 9 November 1994. "Two Killed in Bomb Explosions in Southern Tehran; MKO Blamed." (NEXIS)

BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 16 September 1994. "Iran Extends Afghan Refugees' Residence Permits by Eight Months." (NEXIS)

Chicago Tribune. 7 December 1994. Evening Edition. "Iranian Man and Woman are Stoned to Death." (NEXIS)

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1994. 1995. United States Department of State. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

Current History [Philadelphia]. February 1995. Vol. 94, No. 589. "The Month in Review: Iran."

Current History [Philadelphia]. January 1995. Vol. 94, No. 588. "The Month in Review: Iran."

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 20 February 1995. BC Cycle. "U.N. Report Accuses Iran of Human Rights Violations." (NEXIS)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 21 January 1995. BC Cycle. "'Many Killed' in Teheran Protest, Resistance Group Says." (NEXIS)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 25 October 1994. BC Cycle. Bizhan Torabi. "Dissent in Iran Finds an Ally in Photocopying Machines." (NEXIS)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). 27 July 1994. BC Cycle. "Iranian News Agency Slams DPA, Rejects 'Gender Apartheid' Tag." (NEXIS)

The Economist [London]. 2 September 1994. "Iran's Army: Don't Count on Us, Ayatollah."

Financial Times [London]. 19 October 1994. William Dawkins. "Japan Under Pressure on Iranian Dam: US and Israel Oppose $1 Billion Funding Because of Tehran's Alleged Terrorist Links." (NEXIS)

Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS). 13 February 1995. "Jahan-e Eslam Banned for Reportedly Violating Press Law." (FBIS-NES-95-029 13 Feb. 1995, p. 69)

Human Rights Watch (HRW). December 1994. Human Rights Watch World Report 1995. New York: Human Rights Watch.

The Independent [London]. 14 February 1995. "Lash for Making Up the News." (NEXIS)

Index on Censorship [London]. January-February 1995. Vol. 24, No. 1. Safa Haeri. "Dead Reckoning."

Index on Censorship [London]. November-December 1994a. Vol. 23, No. 6. "Iran."

Index on Censorship [London]. November-December 1994b. Vol. 23, No. 6. "Faith in Numbers."

Inter Press Service. 21 February 1995. Cherif Cordahi. "Iran-Religion: Splits Emerge in Quest for New Shia Muslim Leader." (NEXIS)

International Herald Tribune [Neuilly-sur-Seine, Fra.]. 12 December 1994. "Iran is Backing Education, Not Punishment." (NEXIS)

International Herald Tribune [Neuilly-sur-Seine, Fra. 21 November 1994. "In Iran, a Crisis of Confidence; Economic Malaise Sets Off Student Protest." (NEXIS)

Iraqi News Agency (INA) [Baghdad, in Arabic]. 9 November 1994. "INA Reports Tehran's Announcement." (FBIS-NES-94-218 10 Nov. 1994, p. 23)

Iraqi News Agency (INA) [Baghdad, in Arabic]. 28 September 1994. "ICRC Refutes Iranian Claims Regarding POW's." (FBIS-NES-94-189 29 Sept. 1994, pp. 21-22)

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) Television First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 15 January 1995. "Khamene'i Pardons 841 Prisoners." (FBIS-NES-95-011 18 Jan. 1995, p. 59)

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) Television First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 2 December 1994. "Qom Selects Seven Candidates." (FBIS-NES-94-233 5 Dec. 1994, p. 64)

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) Television First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 24 November 1994. "Ayatollah Pardons 190 Women Convicts." (FBIS-NES-94-227 25 Nov. 1994, p. 28)

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) Television First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 28 September 1994. "Official Says 15,000 POWs in 'Secret' Iraqi Camps." (FBIS-NES-94-189 29 Sept. 1994, pp. 53-54)

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) Television First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 21 September 1994. "Integration of Qazvin with Tehran Province Approved." (FBIS-NES-94-184 22 Sept. 1994, p. 64)

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) Television First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 18 September 1994. "Suspect Arrested." (FBIS-NES-94-181 19 Sept. 1994, p. 70)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 13 February 1995. "Reasons for Banning Jahan-e Eslam." (FBIS-NES-95-031 15 Feb. 1995, pp. 72-73)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 12 February 1995. "Bomb Explodes at Mosque in Narmak; No Casualties." (FBIS-NES-95-029 13 Feb. 1995, p. 69)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 11 February 1995. "Khamene'i Pardons Prisoners, Commutes Sentences." (FBIS-NES-95-029 13 Feb. 1995, p. 68)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 24 January 1995. "Over '15,000' Iranian POWs Still Held in Iraq." (FBIS-NES-95-016 25 Jan. 1995, p. 52)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 26 December 1994. "Religious Minorities Said to Live in 'Perfect Peace'." (FBIS-NES-94-250 29 Dec. 1994, pp. 39-40)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 11 December 1994. "Draft Resolution on Human Rights Delivered to UN." (FBIS-NES-94-239 13 Dec. 1994, pp. 47-48)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 1 December 1994. "Accusations of Minority Rights Abuse Rejected." (FBIS-NES-94-232 2 Dec. 1994, pp. 39-40)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 6 November 1994. "Reports Indicate 'Serious Damage'." (FBIS-NES-94-215 7 Nov. 1994, pp. 63-64)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 30 October 1994. "Mohajerani Suggests Change in Presidential Term." (FBIS-NES-94-214 4 Nov. 1994, p. 47)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 4 August 1994. "Kurdish Leader's Death Tied to Friction with MKO." (FBIS-NES-94-151 5 Aug. 1994, p. 41)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 2 August 1994. "Nahvi Dies in Tehran Hospital." (FBIS-NES-94-148 2 Aug. 1994, p. 72)

Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) [Tehran, in English]. 1 August 1994. "Security Official on MKO Member's Arrest." (FBIS-NES-94-148 2 Aug. 1994, p. 72)

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. December 1994. Vol. 40, No. 12. "Iran: Bakhtiar Murder Verdict."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. November 1994a. Vol. 40, No. 11. "Iran: Bomb Attacks in Tehran-Air Raids on MKO Bases."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. November 1994b. Vol. 40, No. 11. "Iran: Campaign Against Dissidents."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. November 1994c. Vol. 40, No. 11. "Iran: Death of Araki."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. October 1994. Vol. 40, No. 10. "Iran: Anti-Profiteering Campaign."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. September 1994a. Vol. 40, No. 9. "Iran: Tehran Bomb Attack."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. September 1994b. Vol. 40, No. 9. "Iran: Integration of Qazvin with Tehran Province."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. September 1994c. Vol. 40, No. 9. "Iran: Ban on Satellite Dishes."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. August 1994a. Vol. 40, No. 8. "Iran: Anti-Government Unrest."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. August 1994b. Vol. 40, No. 8. "Iran: Further Clashes in Tabriz."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. August 1994c. Vol. 40, No. 8. "Iran: Death and Execution of Bombing Suspects."

Keesing's Record of World Events [Cambridge]. August 1994d. Vol. 40, No. 8. "Iran: Killing of Kurdish Leader."

Libération [Paris]. 12 January 1995. "L'interdiction des antennes paraboliques jugée inconstitutionnelle en Iran."

Libération [Paris]. 4 December 1994. "Iran: Le grand ayatollah...."

Libération [Paris]. 19 September 1994. "Iran: Un écolier a été tué samedi matin...."

Libération [Paris]. 2 August 1994. "Iran." (DIRB Indexed Media Review [Ottawa], 2-8 Aug. 1994, Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 24)

Manchester Guardian Weekly [London]. 29 January 1995. Richard Norton-Taylor and Katerina von Waldersee. "Lockerbie Bomb: Finger Points to Iran."

MENA [Cairo, in Arabic]. 9 November 1994. "MKO Spokesman Condemns Raid." (FBIS-NES-94-218 10 Nov. 1994, p. 23)

The Middle East [London]. March 1995. No. 243. Beverly Andrew. "A Voice for Change."

The Middle East [London]. October 1994. No. 238. "Tactical Terror."

Middle East International (MEI) [London]. 17 February 1995. No. 494. Safa Haeri. "Press Under Fire."

Middle East International (MEI) [London]. 2 December 1994. No. 489. Safa Haeri. "Iran: Mullahs Strike Back."

Middle East International (MEI) [London]. 18 November 1994. No. 488. Gerald Butt. "Iran and Iraq: Green Light for Tehran."

Middle East International (MEI) [London]. 4 November 1994. No. 487. Safa Haeri. "Iran: Protesting at Repression."

Middle East International (MEI) [London]. 9 September 1994. No. 483. Safa Haeri. "Iran: The Generals' Warning."

Mideast Mirror [London]. 25 January 1995. Vol. 9, No. 17. "Lockerbie 'Scandal' Deals New Blow to U.S., British Credibility."

Middle East Times [Athens]. 19-25 February 1995. Vol. 13, No. 8. "Notes from the Region: Reporter Given 74 Lashes for Inventing News."

Middle East Times [Athens]. 8-14 January 1995. Vol. 13, No. 2. "Iran Moves to Ban the Dish."

Middle East Times [Athens]. 11-17 December 1994. Vol. 12, No. 50. "Bakhtiar Killer Sentenced to Life."

Middle East Times [Athens]. 25 September-1 October 1994. Vol. 12, No. 39. "Satellite Dish is Satan's Tool."

Middle East Times [Athens]. 15-21 August 1994. Vol. 12, No. 33. "Vote on Iranian Province Capital Sparks Fatal Protest."

Le Monde [Paris]. 14 November 1994. Naim Mouna. "Iran: Contre-attaque des censeurs." (NEXIS)

Moneyclips [London]. 1 November 1994. "Hijab and Democracy à la France." (NEXIS)

Moneyclips [London]. 8 September 1994. "Ayatollah Yazdi: Iran to Pursue Allegations Made Against 4 Diplomats." (NEXIS)

The Ottawa Citizen. 8 December 1994. Final Edition. Margaret Coles. "Terror Governs Iranian Women." (NEXIS)

The Ottawa Citizen. 2 November 1994. Final Edition. John Wallach. "Iran Struggles with Growing Unrest." (NEXIS)

The Ottawa Citizen. 23 August 1994. Final Edition. Bizhan Torabi. "Iranian 'Gender Apartheid' Policy Meant to 'Protect' Women." (NEXIS)

PR Newswire. 8 September 1994. "President 'Deeply Concerned' About Persecution of Iranian Baha'is; Will Work to Influence Iran to Improve Human Rights." (NEXIS)

Resalat [Tehran, in Persian]. 24 September 1994. "BBC Reaction to Ban on Satellite Dishes Viewed." (FBIS-NES-94-193 5 Oct. 1994, p. 54)

Reuters. 22 February 1995. BC Cycle. "Iran Rejects U.N. Report on Rights Violations." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 9 February 1995. BC Cycle. "Rushdie Must be Killed, Iranian Minister Says." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 21 January 1995. BC Cycle. "Rioting Breaks Out at Iran Football Match." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 27 December 1994. BC Cycle. "French Anti-Terrorist Police Stormed a Hijacked Jet...." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 13 December 1994. BC Cycle. Evelyn Leopold. "Iran Rapped Again for Rights Violations, Rushdie." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 7 December 1994. BC Cycle. "Iranian Man, Woman Stoned to Death on Court Order." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 6 December 1994. BC Cycle. "Iran Executes 10 Armed Robbers, Kills 10 Others." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 1 December 1994. BC Cycle. "Iranian Exiles Want UN Probe into Writer's Death." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 28 November 1994. BC Cycle. "Dissident Iranian Writer Dies in Detention." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 17 November 1994. BC Cycle. Marko Bello. "Iranian Killed in Gang Warfare Say Police." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 16 November 1994. BC Cycle. "Iranians Held Over Romanian Sword-Killing." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 15 November 1994. BC Cycle. Peter Bale. "Iranian Killed in Romania Had Sought Asylum." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 14 November 1994. BC Cycle. "Iranian Refugee Killed with Sword in Romania." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 11 November 1994. BC Cycle. "Dissident Singer's Daughter Denies She Was Held." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 8 November 1994. BC Cycle. "Son of Retired Iranian General Feared Detained." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 2 November 1994a. BC Cycle. "France Reminds Iran of Duty to Protect Diplomats." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 2 November 1994b. BC Cycle. "Exiled Iranian Singer Says Daughter Arrested." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 7 September 1994. BC Cycle. "Iran Denies Torturing German Spy." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 13 August 1994. BC Cycle. "Iran Hangs Man in Public for Bomb Plot." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 7 August 1994. BC Cycle. Youssef Azmeh. "Qazvin Riots Raise Questions About Iran's Mullahs." (NEXIS)

Reuters. 3 August 1994. "Riot Erupts in Iranian City over Parliament Vote."

Reuters. 27 July 1994. BC Cycle. "Iran Drafts Bill to Ban Satellite Dishes." (NEXIS)

Sveriges Radio Network [Stockholm, in Swedish]. 8 January 1995. "Envoy to Norway Recalled Over Rushdie Fatwa Remark." (FBIS-NES-95-005 9 Jan. 1995, p. 60)

The Times [London]. 3 January 1995. "Further on Banning of Satellite Equipment." (FBIS-NES-95-001 3 Jan. 1995, p. 54)

Turan [Baku, in English]. 14 January 1995. "Embassy in Baku Reports Problems in Tabriz." (FBIS-NES-95-011 18 Jan. 1995, p. 58)

The United Press International (UPI). 25 August 1994. BC Cycle. "U.N. Group Condemns Iranian Terrorism." (NEXIS)

Voice of Iranian Kordestan [Clandestine, in Persian]. 5 February 1995. "Opposition Reports 22 January 'Uprising' in Tehran." (FBIS-NES-95-024 6 Feb. 1995, p. 68)

Voice of Iranian Kordestan [Clandestine, in Persian]. 23 January 1995. "'Anti-State' Demonstrations by Soccer Fans Noted." (FBIS-NES-95-016 25 Jan. 1995, p. 52)

Voice of Iranian Kordestan [Clandestine, in Persian]. 13 January 1995. "Rebel Radio on Regime's Ban on Protests." (FBIS-NES-95-012 19 Jan. 1995, pp. 63-64)

Voice of Iranian Kordestan [Clandestine, in Persian]. 27 August 1994. "Opposition Radio Reports Tabriz Protest, Unrest." (FBIS-NES-94-167 29 Aug. 1994, pp. 58-59)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran [Tehran, in Arabic]. 25 January 1995. "Allegations of Lockerbie Involvement Refuted: Commentary Blames CIA." (FBIS-NES-95-017 26 Jan. 1995, pp. 58-59)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran [Tehran, in Arabic] [Tehran, in English]. 4 December 1994. "Report Called 'Bunch of Lies'." (FBIS-NES-94-234 6 Dec. 1994, pp. 41-42)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 22 February 1995. "UN Human Rights Report Viewed 'Spiteful'." (FBIS-NES-95-035 22 Feb. 1995, pp. 63-64)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 29 January 1995. "Majlis Approves Amendments to Satellite TV Ban." (FBIS-NES-95-019 30 Jan. 1995, pp. 69-70)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 22 January 1995. "Over 1,500 Arrested in Anti-Narcotics Exercise." (FBIS-NES-95-014 23 Jan. 1995, p. 62)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 10 December 1994. "Journalists Allowed to Visit Prison." (FBIS-NES-94-238 12 Dec. 1994, pp. 64-65)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 4 December 1994. "Only 'Impartial' Rights Inspectors Allowed Entry." (FBIS-NES-94-234 6 Dec. 1994, p. 44)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 1 November 1994. "Majlis Passes Bill on Using Arms to Restore Order." (FBIS-NES-94-212 2 Nov. 1994, p. 56)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network [Tehran, in Persian]. 17 September 1994. "Student Killed in Bomb Explosion in Central Tehran." (FBIS-NES-94-181 19 Sept. 1994, pp. 69-70)

Voice of Mojahed [Clandestine, in Persian]. 6 November 1994. "Mojahedin Radio Reports Attack." (FBIS-NES-94-215 7 Nov. 1994, p. 64)

WIN News [Lexington, Mass.]. Winter 1995. Vol. 21, No. 1. "The Status of Women In Iran Worsening."

The Xinhua News Agency. 5 March 1995. "Iran Burns 10 Tons of Drugs." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 22 February 1995a. "Iran Denies Indirect Talks with Israel." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 22 February 1995b. "Iran Seizes Over 6 Tons of Drugs in One Month." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 12 February 1995. "Bomb Blast in Iran." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 24 January 1995. "Britain Denies Iran Involvement in Lockerbie Bombing." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 6 December 1994. "Iran Executes 10 Armed Robbers." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 31 October 1994. "Iranian Women Demonstrate Outside French Embassy." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 30 October 1994. "Iran's Constitution Could Be Amended to Facilitate Rafsanjani's Re-election: Official." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 16 October 1994. "First Iranian Official Arrested for Profiteering." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 17 September 1994. "Sound Bomb Explodes in Tehran." (NEXIS)

The Xinhua News Agency. 1 September 1994. "Two MKO Members Arrested in Iran." (NEXIS)