Canada

• Bilateral Treaties/Agreements 1
• Case Law 934
• Commentaries 1
• Comments on National Legislation 2
• Court Interventions / Amicus Curiae 3
• Legal Articles/Analyses/Commentaries 17
• Legislative History / Travaux Préparatoires 1
• National Legislation 28

• 1951 Refugee Convention 2
• Abduction 3
• Access to procedures 4
• Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations 6
• Acts of persecution 2
• Administrative courts 5
• Agents of persecution 3
• Ahmadis 2
• Albanians 1
• Alevis 1
• Amish 1
• Anti-terrorism law 1
• Appeal / Right to appeal 12
• Arbitrary arrest and detention 27
• Armed forces / Military 15
• Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements 2
• Arrival 2
• Assyrians 2
• Asylum policy 4
• Asylum-migration nexus 1
• Asylum-seekers 8
• Benefit of the doubt 4
• Burden of proof 37
• Catholic 3
• Cessation clauses 5
• Changes of circumstances in home country 17
• Chechen 1
• Child prostitution 1
• Children's rights 16
• Children-at-risk 28
• Chinese 1
• Christian 20
• Citizenship law 8
• Combatants / Former combatants 8
• Complementary forms of protection 31
• Constitutional law 8
• Convention against Torture (CAT) 5
• Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 5
• Convention refugee 62
• Corruption 6
• Country of origin information (COI) 33
• Credibility assessment 85
• Crimes against humanity 79
• Crimes against peace 2
• Criminal justice 74
• Croats 2
• Cumulative grounds of persecution 6
• Death penalty 12
• Death squads 1
• Decision on admissibility 2
• Democracy 1
• Denial of refugee status 1
• Deportation / Forcible return 175
• Diplomatic assurances 4
• Disabled persons 4
• Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity 4
• Domestic violence 33
• Drug trafficking 23
• Economic, social and cultural rights 2
• Effective protection 24
• Effective remedy 10
• Elderly 1
• Equality before the law 5
• Evangelical 2
• Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) 98
• Exclusion clauses 82
• Exhaustion of domestic remedies 7
• Expulsion 27
• Extended definition 1
• Extradition 9
• Extreme poverty 1
• False documents 1
• Falun Gong 3
• Family law 1
• Family reunification 6
• Female genital mutilation (FGM) 5
• Forced labour 1
• Forced marriage 3
• Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment 97
• Freedom of assembly and association 1
• Freedom of conscience 4
• Freedom of expression 28
• Freedom of movement 2
• Freedom of religion 6
• Freedom of speech 26
• Gender discrimination 1
• Gender-based persecution 19
• Genocide 5
• Good governance 2
• Grounds for persecution 15
• HIV and AIDS 3
• Habeas corpus 1
• Honour killings 1
• Housing, land and property rights (HLP) 1
• Human rights activists 1
• Human rights and fundamental freedoms 14
• Hutus 2
• Illegal entry 5
• Illegal immigrants / Undocumented migrants 1
• Immigrants 7
• Immigration Detention 13
• Immigration control after entry 1
• Immigration law 11
• Inclusion clauses 2
• Independence of judiciary 9
• Indigenous persons 1
• Internal armed conflict 6
• Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) 34
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1
• International armed conflict 4
• International courts and tribunals 1
• International criminal law 2
• International humanitarian law (IHL) / Geneva Conventions 14
• International protection 3
• Involuntary repatriation 1
• Jew 2
• Jurisdiction 7
• Juvenile justice system 2
• Karen 2
• Kurd 5
• Legal representation / Legal aid 12
• Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) 29
• Manifestly unfounded / Clearly abusive claims 2
• Mental health 7
• Military courts 1
• Military law 2
• Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription 49
• Minorities 3
• Minority rights 1
• Mormon 2
• Multiple nationality 4
• Muslim 3
• National security / Public order 13
• Nationality law 2
• Naturalization 2
• Non-refoulement 32
• Non-state agents of persecution 61
• Opposition 7
• Oromo 1
• Palestinian 6
• Passports 1
• Pentecostal 2
• Persecution based on nationality 13
• Persecution based on political opinion 138
• Persecution of family members 11
• Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity 19
• Police 8
• Political asylum 4
• Political groups 1
• Political parties 9
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 5
• Pre-entry procedures 1
• Pre-trial detention 3
• Prison or detention conditions 9
• Proof of nationality 2
• Prosecution vs persecution 30
• Public health 21
• Punjabis 1
• Racial / Ethnic persecution 39
• Refoulement 32
• Refugee / Asylum law 12
• Refugee camps 1
• Refugee law 4
• Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures 5
• Refugees 18
• Refugees sur place 1
• Rejected asylum-seekers 20
• Religious discrimination 3
• Religious persecution (including forced conversion) 37
• Resettlement 5
• Residence permits / Residency 13
• Right to education 4
• Right to employment 5
• Right to family life 8
• Right to food 1
• Right to justice 14
• Right to liberty and security 20
• Right to life 22
• Right to return 1
• Right to seek asylum 1
• Right to self-determination 1
• Roma 11
• Rule of law / Due process / Procedural fairness 58
• Russians 2
• Rwandans 2
• SGBV 25
• Safe country of origin 1
• Safe third country 29
• Saharawis 1
• Security forces 2
• Security situation 3
• Serious non-political crime 32
• Sexual and reproductive rights 2
• Shia 3
• Sikh 2
• Single procedure 4
• Smuggling of persons 3
• Social group discrimination 9
• Social group persecution 91
• Standard of proof 22
• State protection 99
• Stateless persons 6
• Statelessness 5
• Sur place persecution 10
• Suspensive effect 1
• Tamil 36
• Temporary admission 2
• Terrorism 40
• Tibetan 3
• Torture 3
• Trafficking in persons 5
• Travel documents 2
• Treaties / Agreements / Charters / Protocols / Conventions / Declarations 8
• Tutsis 7
• Unaccompanied / Separated children 15
• Unlawful departure 5
• Visas 12
• War crimes 10
• Well-founded fear of persecution 51
• Withdrawal of nationality 1
• Witnesses 6
• Women's rights 2
• Women-at-risk 17
• Work permits 1

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• AlertNet - Canada
• Amnesty International - Canada
• CERIS - The Ontario Metropolis Centre
• Canadian Council for Refugees
• Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network
• Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network - Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
• Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women (CRIAW)
• Canadian Voice of Women for Peace (VOW)
• Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
• Citizenship and Immigration Canada
• Council of Europe, Venice Commission: Constitutional Courts (Links)
• Equitas, International Centre for Human Rights Education
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Canada
• Human Rights Watch (HRW) - Canada
• Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB)
• International Committee of the Red Cross - The ICRC in North America
• Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) - Canada
• Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs Canada
• Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) - Canada
• ReliefWeb - Canada
• Rights & Democracy
• School of Peace and Conflict Management, Royal Roads University
• UNHCR - Canada
• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - Canada
• United States Department of State - Canada
• Winnipeg Refugee Education Network (WREN)
• World Health Organization (WHO) - Canada