Molnar v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)
- Author: Federal Court of Canada, Trial Division
- Document source:
-
Date:
16 October 2002
Elek Molnar, Maria Szucs, Eric Molnar, Elek Molnar
(applicants)
v.
The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (respondent)
[2003] 2 F.C. 339
[2002] F.C.J. No. 1425
2002 FCT 1081
Court File No. IMM-285-02
Federal Court of Canada - Trial Division
Tremblay-Lamer J.
Heard: Montréal,
Judgment: Ottawa,
(39 paras.)
Citizenship and Immigration Status in Canada Convention Refugees Extent of duty on applicants, Hungarians of Roma ethnicity, to seek protection from persecution where police responsible for persecution No duty on applicants to seek redress from agencies other than police Once applicants sought assistance from police, who refused, no obligation on applicants to seek redress from other agencies; assumption state capable of protecting applicants thereby defeated Documentary evidence of discrimination, hostility, abuse against Roma by Hungarian police.
The applicants, Hungarians of Roma ethnicity, claimed a well-founded fear of persecution by reason of their ethnicity, especially at the hands of the police in Hungary. They alleged that they were beaten, mistreated and humiliated by neo-Nazis, nationalists as well as by the police. The principal applicant said he was beaten by the police on three occasions, and arrested and detained by the police twice. His wife was beaten by the police twice, once when she was pregnant, which caused her to go into labour, and give birth the following day. The applicants arrived in Canada in April 2001 and claimed Convention refugee status. Based on the applicants' testimony, the Convention Refugee Determination Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board found that the applicants were not Convention refugees because they had not adequately sought redress and protection by the police, and because they had failed to seek assistance from Roma self-governments, legal aid offices and many other organizations. This was an application for judicial review of that decision.
Held, the application should be allowed.
In Kadenko v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), the Federal Court of Appeal imposed a heavy burden on the applicant to demonstrate that all courses of action have been exhausted before claiming the protection of another state, holding that the refusal of certain police officers to provide protection does not in itself indicate that the state is incapable of doing so. However, the police herein not only refused to protect the applicants, but were also the perpetrators of the acts of violence. So it was clearly unreasonable to have expected the applicant to seek additional protection from the police when it was the police who were responsible for the acts of violence.
The Board also erred in imposing on the applicants the burden of seeking redress from agencies other than the police. This Court has indicated that if the police refuse or are unwilling to act, there is no obligation on an individual to seek counselling, legal advice, or assistance from human rights agencies. Furthermore, it is important to draw a distinction between acts of discrimination and acts of a criminal nature. Where protection from crime is at issue, as it was herein, it is questionable whether redress could have been obtained by seeking assistance from human rights organizations. The only authority that could have provided assistance was the police.
As for the issue of state protection, in Canada (Attorney General) v. Ward, the Supreme Court of Canada held that the capability of a state to protect its citizens is simply an assumption that can be defeated where the claimants provide clear and convincing evidence that the state cannot protect them (eg. by advancing testimony of similarly situated individuals let down by the state protection arrangement or the claimant's testimony of past personal incidents in which state protection did not materialize). That is exactly what the applicants did in the present case. They provided sufficient evidence to demonstrate that state protection was not available. Documentary evidence clearly indicated that despite efforts by the state, police protection of the Roma was inadequate. This evidence demonstrated that Roma live in fear of both the police and the judicial process in Hungary, as they are the victims of police violence and a judicial process that supports and even encourages violence against them. As was stated in Elemer v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), "When it comes to protecting Roma from the serious assaults and persecution ..., Hungary appears to have [page341] suffered a break-down of State civilization".
Cases Judicially Considered
Applied:
Cuffy v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 121 F.T.R. 81 (F.C.T.D.).
Risak v. Minister of Employment and Immigration (1994), 86 F.T.R. 67; 25 Imm. L.R. (2d) 267 (F.C.T.D.).
Balogh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2002), 22 Imm. L.R. (3d) 93 (F.C.T.D.).
N.K. v. Canada (Solicitor General) (1995), 107 F.T.R. 25; 32 Imm. L.R. (2d) 275 (F.C.T.D.).
Canada (Attorney General) v. Ward, [1993] 2 S.C.R. 689; (1993), 103 D.L.R. (4th) 1; 20 Imm. L.R. (2d) 85; 153 N.R. 321.
Elcock v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1999), 175 F.T.R. 116 (F.C.T.D.).
Elemer v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2001 FCT 432; [2001] F.C.J. No. 648 (T.D.) (QL).
Distinguished:
Kadenko v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 143 D.L.R. (4th) 532; 206 N.R. 272 (F.C.A.).
APPLICATION for judicial review of a decision of the Convention Refugee Determination Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board (P.C.K. (Re), [2001] C.R.D.D. No. 424 (QL)) that the applicants, Hungarians of Roma ethnicity who claimed persecution at the hands of Hungarian police, were not Convention refugees. Application allowed.
Appearances:
Michael Dorey, for the applicants.
Mario Blanchard, for the respondent.
Solicitors of record:
Michael Dorey & Associés, Montréal, for the applicants.
Deputy Attorney General of Canada, for the respondent.
The following are the reasons for order and order rendered in English by
1 TREMBLAY-LAMER J.: This is an application for judicial review of a decision of the Convention Refugee Determination Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board (the Board) dated
2 The applicants, Elek Molnar (senior), Elek Molnar (junior) and Maria Szucs, are Hungarian citizens of Roma ethnicity. They claim to have a well-founded fear of persecution by reason of this ethnicity.
3 The applicants applied for refugee status in Canada and were refused by a decision of the Board dated
4 In 1998, the applicants returned to Berekboszovmeny, Hungary, where they had previously lived. Their house was no longer there and the applicants stayed temporarily with friends. They later rented a one-room apartment in a secluded part of town.
5 After their return, the applicants were subjected to beatings, mistreatment and humiliations at the hands of neo-Nazis, nationalists as well as by the police. More specifically, on
6 On
7 In November 2000, while the principal applicant was looking for a new home for his family, two motorcyclists followed him non-stop for approximately six hours to the Slovenian border. The following day, [page343] the principal applicant returned and these motorcyclists reappeared and beat him.
8 In December 2000, a census was being conducted in the village in order to determine the total population of the village and its ethnic composition. The applicants refrained from registering at the mayor's office for fear of the possible consequences of such a census.
9 When the applicants failed to register with the authorities, the police forcibly took them to the station. The principal applicant was detained for six days and beaten.
10 The applicants left Hungary on
11 When they returned to Hungary, the applicants hid in pastures and stables for three months.
12 On
13 At the hearing, the principal applicant was asked whether he had ever sought redress and protection from the police. He responded that after the border incident, he made a verbal complaint to the police, but that they refused to get involved. According to him, the police laughed and said that if he was murdered, then his family could come and complain.
14 The principal applicant was also asked why he did not consult a lawyer or seek the assistance of Roma organizations. He replied that such options would have been useless since the police in Hungary are the authority.
15 Based on the applicants' testimony, the Board concluded that even if it accepted their allegations of persecution by the local police and nationalists, it did not believe that they had adequately sought redress and protection by the police.
16 The Board also held that the applicants had not sought redress from human rights organizations. It pointed out that documentary evidence indicated that substantial progress had been made since the late 1980s in education, employment, protection, human rights by the government of Hungary as well as by non-government organizations with respect to the Roma.
17 As a result, the Board found that the applicants were not Convention refugees because they had not adequately sought redress and protection by the police, and because they had failed to seek assistance from Roma self-governments, legal aid offices and many other organizations.
ANALYSIS
18 The respondent submits that the Federal Court of Appeal in Kadenko v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 143 D.L.R. (4th) 532, has imposed a heavy burden on the applicant to demonstrate that all courses of action have been exhausted before claiming the protection of another state. In that case, the Court held at paragraph 3 that the refusal of certain police officers to provide protection, does not indicate that the state is incapable of protecting its citizens:
Once it is assumed that the state (Israel in this case) has political and judicial institutions capable of protecting its citizens, it is clear that the refusal of certain police officers to take action cannot in itself make the state incapable of doing so.
19 In my opinion, the present case can be distinguished from Kadenko, supra. In Kadenko, supra, the applicants complained to the police twice but were unable to receive assistance. However, in the case at bar, the police not only refused to protect the applicants, but were also the perpetrators of the acts of violence. According to the testimony of the principal applicant, the police beat the applicants on three separate occasions. On the first occasion, the police beat the principal applicant and his wife, and then arrested and detained him for 13 days. On the second occasion, the [page345] police raided the applicants' home and attacked them with billy clubs, causing the pregnant wife to haemorrhage, and almost lose her child. On the third occasion, the police detained the principal applicant at the police station for six days and beat him.
20 It is clearly unreasonable to have expected the applicant to seek additional protection from the police when it is the police that were responsible for the acts of violence.
21 Considering that the police could not provide assistance to the applicant, should the applicants have sought redress through other sources?
22 In its decision, the Board identified numerous agencies and organizations that were enacted by the government of Hungary in order for the Roma to vindicate their rights. It highlighted the fact that legal aid had been successful in many cases of discrimination against Roma. As such, there were several avenues of redress and assistance available to the applicants, and it was incumbent upon them to seek assistance from these organizations.
23 In my opinion, the Board erred in imposing on the applicants the burden of seeking redress from agencies other than the police.
24 The purpose of the police is to protect the citizens. If they refuse or are unwilling to act, this Court has indicated that there is no obligation on an individual to seek counselling, legal advice, or assistance from human rights agencies.
25 In Cuffy v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1996), 121 F.T.R. 81 (F.C.T.D.), McKeown J. stated at paragraph 11:
The applicant in the case before me had gone to the police on several occasions as stated by the Board and they had not provided assistance to her. She has no obligation to use her own resources nor is an offer of counselling what state protection requires.
26 Similarly, in Risak v. Minister of Employment and Immigration (1994), 86 F.T.R. 67 (F.C.T.D.), Dubé J. held at paragraph 11:
Thus, in the case at bar, the question is whether or not it was objectively reasonable to expect the applicant to have further sought the protection from the army and the police in Israel after having been so brutally rebuffed by the very authorities from whom citizens expect protection. There is nothing in our jurisprudence to the effect that in such situations the applicant has the further burden to seek assistance from human rights organizations or, ultimately, to launch an action in court against the government.
27 Therefore, as held by Lemieux J. "Canadian jurisprudence has repeatedly stated there is no further burden on an applicant to seek assistance from human rights organizations." (Balogh v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2002), 22 Imm. L.R. (3d) 93 (F.C.T.D.), at paragraph 44).
28 Furthermore, in my view, it is important to draw a distinction between acts of discrimination and acts that are criminal in nature. The organizations highlighted by the Board have been successful in reducing discrimination against the Roma. However, the purpose of these organizations is not to provide protection from crime. This is the role of the police. In N.K. v. Canada (Solicitor General) (1995), 107 F.T.R. 25 (F.C.T.D.), I stated at paragraphs 44 and 45:
Counsel for the respondent argued that in situations where the police refused to do their duty the individual should go to a higher tribunal or approach a different organization, such as the Human Rights Commission.
I cannot accept such a suggestion. The issue here is not merely discriminatory acts, which could be the subject of a complaint to a Human Rights Commission. Some of the acts alleged are criminal in nature (sexual and other forms of assault) and so are not within the jurisdiction of a Human Rights Commission.
29 In the case at bar, the acts committed against the applicants were not merely discriminatory, but also [page347] criminal. They were threatened, detained, and beaten. Most of these acts were committed by the police, the authority that is supposed to provide protection. The Board, by concentrating on the existence of human rights agencies and legal aid, failed to address the real issue of protection from criminal acts.
30 In these circumstances, where protection from crime is at issue, it is questionable whether redress could have been obtained by seeking assistance from human rights organizations. The only authority that could have provided assistance is the police. In my view, once the applicants sought assistance from the police and they refused, there was no obligation on them to seek redress through other sources.
31 The question of whether the applicants have satisfied their burden relates to the broader issue of whether the state of Hungary is capable of protecting its citizens, and more particularly, the Roma. The principle concerning state protection was established by the Supreme Court of Canada in Canada (Attorney General) v. Ward, [1993] 2 S.C.R. 689. In that case, the Court held that the capability of a state to protect its citizens is simply an assumption which can be defeated where the claimants provide clear and convincing evidence that the state cannot protect them. La Forest J. indicated how this evidence might be advanced. He stated at pages 724-725:
For example, a claimant might advance testimony of similarly situated individuals let down by the state protection arrangement or the claimant's testimony of past personal incidents in which state protection did not materialize. [My emphasis.]
32 This is exactly what the applicants did in the present case. Based on the Ward, supra, decision, I can only conclude that the applicants have provided sufficient evidence to demonstrate that state protection was not available.
33 As to the willingness of the state to address the situation of the Roma in Hungary, I recognize that there [page348] was substantive evidence before the Board to show that the Hungarian government had taken measures to address this issue. However, this cannot equate with adequate state protection (Balogh, supra). As stated by Gibson J. (Elcock v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (1999), 175 F.T.R. 116 (F.C.T.D.), at paragraph 15):
Ability of a state to protect must be seen to comprehend not only the existence of an effective legislative and procedural framework but the capacity and the will to effectively implement that framework. [Emphasis mine.]
34 In the present case, the documentary evidence found in the regional binder index of documents deposited by the refugee hearing officer clearly indicates that despite efforts by the state, police protection of the Roma is inadequate. This evidence demonstrates that Roma live in fear of both the police and the judicial process in Hungary, as they are the victims of police violence and a judicial process that supports and even encourages violence against them.
35 According to a document entitled "Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and all forms of racial discrimination," hostility towards the Roma is virtually systemic in the Hungarian police force. The Roma believe that they are systemically targeted by the police, as exhibited by the high number of cases of off-duty police officers harassing them. Furthermore, Roma victims are rarely able to obtain adequate remedies for such abuses. The 1997 statistics concerning "official crimes" (i.e. crimes committed by public officials) indicate that approximately three percent of cases brought against police actually led to convictions. In the few cases where police officers were convicted, the penalties were usually fines, probation or suspended sentences, and the police officers generally remained on the force.
36 The regional index binder also contains the U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2000, which addresses the ineffective legal [page349] protection of the Roma in Hungary. According to this document, the Roma are the most common victims of police abuse. The Roma also receive less than equal treatment in the judicial process, where they are kept in pre-trial detention more often and for longer periods of time than non-Roma. This document highlights the fact that the Council of Europe's Commission against Racism and Intolerance Report for 2000 found that the legal protection of Roma is ineffective and that regulations banning discrimination are insufficiently implemented. The Amnesty International Report 2001 also indicates that this same commission held that severe problems of racism and intolerance exist in Hungary, and that the incidence of discrimination towards the Roma continue in all fields of life, especially with the police.
37 The plight of the Roma in Hungary has led my colleague Muldoon J. to conclude that "When it comes to protecting Roma from the serious assaults and persecution shown here, Hungary appears to have suffered a break-down of State civilization". (Elemer v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), 2001 FCT 432; [2001] F.C.J. No. 648 (T.D.) (QL), at paragraph 3.) This is equally true in the present case.
38 For these reasons, this application for judicial review is allowed. The Board's decision is set aside and the matter is sent back for redetermination in accordance with these reasons.
ORDER
39 THIS COURT ORDERS THAT the application for judicial review is allowed. The Board's decision is set aside and the matter is sent back for redetermination in accordance with these reasons.
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